The Tibia - Revision history

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	[[Anatomy]] > [[Gray's Anatomy\| Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body]] > II. [Osteology]] > 6c. 5. The Tibia		[[Anatomy]] > [[Gray's Anatomy\| Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body]] > II. [Osteology]] > 6c. 5. The Tibia


	[[Henry Gray]] (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.		[[Henry Gray]] (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
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	'''(Shin Bone)'''		'''(Shin Bone)'''


	The '''tibia''' (Figs. 258, 259) is situated at the medial side of the leg, and, excepting the [[femur]], is the longest bone of the skeleton. It is [[prismoid]] in form, expanded above, where it enters into the [[knee-joint]], contracted in the lower third, and again enlarged but to a lesser extent below. In the male, its direction is vertical, and parallel with the bone of the opposite side; but in the female it has a slightly oblique direction downward and lateralward, to compensate for the greater obliquity of the femur.		The '''tibia''' (Figs. 258, 259) is situated at the medial side of the leg, and, excepting the [[femur]], is the longest bone of the skeleton. It is [[prismoid]] in form, expanded above, where it enters into the [[knee-joint]], contracted in the lower third, and again enlarged but to a lesser extent below. In the male, its direction is vertical, and parallel with the bone of the opposite side; but in the female it has a slightly oblique direction downward and lateralward, to compensate for the greater obliquity of the femur.

	It has a '''body''' and '''two extremities'''		It has a '''body''' and '''two extremities'''
			[[File:Gray257.png\|thumb\|FIG. 257– Upper surface of right tibia. (''Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy'')]]

	~~<center>http~~:~~//www~~.~~wikimd~~.~~org/images/gray/large/image257~~.~~gif </center>~~



	FIG. 257– Upper surface of right tibia. (''Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy'')		FIG. 257– Upper surface of right tibia. (''Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy'')


	=== The Upper Extremity (proximal extremity) ===		=== The Upper Extremity (proximal extremity) ===
	The upper [[extremity]] is large, and expanded into two eminences, the medial and lateral [[condyles]] The [[superior]] articular surface presents two smooth articular [[facets]] (Fig. 257). The medial facet, oval in shape, is slightly concave from side to side, and from before backward.		The upper [[extremity]] is large, and expanded into two eminences, the medial and lateral [[condyles]] The [[superior]] articular surface presents two smooth articular [[facets]] (Fig. 257). The medial facet, oval in shape, is slightly concave from side to side, and from before backward.
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	The '''[[interosseous crest]]''' or '''[[lateral]] border''' is thin and prominent, especially its central part, and gives attachment to the [[interosseous membrane]]; it commences above in front of the fibular articular facet, and bifurcates below, to form the boundaries of a triangular rough surface, for the attachment of the interosseous ligament connecting the tibia and [[fibula]].		The '''[[interosseous crest]]''' or '''[[lateral]] border''' is thin and prominent, especially its central part, and gives attachment to the [[interosseous membrane]]; it commences above in front of the fibular articular facet, and bifurcates below, to form the boundaries of a triangular rough surface, for the attachment of the interosseous ligament connecting the tibia and [[fibula]].
			[[File:Gray258.png\|thumb\|FIG. 258– Bones of the right leg. Anterior surface. (''Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy'')]]

	~~<center>http~~:~~//www~~.~~wikimd~~.~~org/images/gray/large/image258~~.~~gif </center>~~



	FIG. 258– Bones of the right leg. Anterior surface. (''Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy'')		FIG. 258– Bones of the right leg. Anterior surface. (''Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy'')
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	The '''[[lateral]] surface''' is narrower than the medial; its upper two-thirds present a shallow groove for the origin of the [[Tibialis]] anterior; its lower third is smooth, convex, curves gradually forward to the anterior aspect of the bone, and is covered by the tendons of the Tibialis anterior, [[Extensor]] hallucis longus, and Extensor digitorum longus, arranged in this order from the medial side.		The '''[[lateral]] surface''' is narrower than the medial; its upper two-thirds present a shallow groove for the origin of the [[Tibialis]] anterior; its lower third is smooth, convex, curves gradually forward to the anterior aspect of the bone, and is covered by the tendons of the Tibialis anterior, [[Extensor]] hallucis longus, and Extensor digitorum longus, arranged in this order from the medial side.
			[[File:Gray259.png\|thumb\|left\|FIG. 259– Bones of the right leg. Posterior surface. (''Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy'')]]

	~~<center>http~~:~~//www~~.~~wikimd~~.~~org/images/gray/large/image259~~.~~gif </center>~~


	FIG. 259– Bones of the right leg. Posterior surface. (''Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy'')		FIG. 259– Bones of the right leg. Posterior surface. (''Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy'')
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	==== '''Surfaces''' ====		==== '''Surfaces''' ====
	The '''[[inferior]] articular surface''' is quadrilateral, and smooth for articulation with the [[talus]]. It is [[concave]] from before backward, broader in front than behind, and traversed from before backward by a slight elevation, separating two depressions. It is continuous with that on the medial [[malleolus]].		The '''[[inferior]] articular surface''' is quadrilateral, and smooth for articulation with the [[talus]]. It is [[concave]] from before backward, broader in front than behind, and traversed from before backward by a slight elevation, separating two depressions. It is continuous with that on the medial [[malleolus]].
			[[File:Gray260.png\|thumb\|FIG. 260– Plan of ossification of the tibia. From three centers. (''Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy'')]]

	~~<center>http~~:~~//www~~.~~wikimd~~.~~org/images/gray/large/image260~~.~~gif </center>~~



	FIG. 260– Plan of ossification of the tibia. From three centers. (''Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy'')		FIG. 260– Plan of ossification of the tibia. From three centers. (''Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy'')




	<center>http://www.wikimd.org/images/gray/large/image261.gif </center>		<center>http://www.wikimd.org/images/gray/large/image261.gif </center>



	FIG. 261– Epiphysial lines of tibia and fibula in a young adult. Anterior aspect. (''Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy'')		FIG. 261– Epiphysial lines of tibia and fibula in a young adult. Anterior aspect. (''Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy'')

Deepika vegiraju at 05:54, 15 June 2020

2020-06-15T05:54:30Z

New page

[[Anatomy]] > [[Gray's Anatomy| Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body]] > II. [Osteology]] > 6c. 5. The Tibia

[[Henry Gray]] (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.

=='''The Tibia'''==

'''(Shin Bone)'''

The '''tibia''' (Figs. 258, 259) is situated at the medial side of the leg, and, excepting the [[femur]], is the longest bone of the skeleton. It is [[prismoid]] in form, expanded above, where it enters into the [[knee-joint]], contracted in the lower third, and again enlarged but to a lesser extent below. In the male, its direction is vertical, and parallel with the bone of the opposite side; but in the female it has a slightly oblique direction downward and lateralward, to compensate for the greater obliquity of the femur.

It has a '''body''' and '''two extremities'''

<center>http://www.wikimd.org/images/gray/large/image257.gif </center>

FIG. 257– Upper surface of right tibia. (''Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy'')

=== The Upper Extremity (proximal extremity) ===
The upper [[extremity]] is large, and expanded into two eminences, the medial and lateral [[condyles]] The [[superior]] articular surface presents two smooth articular [[facets]] (Fig. 257). The medial facet, oval in shape, is slightly concave from side to side, and from before backward.

The lateral, nearly circular, is concave from side to side, but slightly convex from before backward, especially at its [[posterior]] part, where it is prolonged on to the posterior surface for a short distance. The central portions of these [[facets]] articulate with the [[condyles]] of the [[femur]], while their peripheral portions support the menisci of the knee-joint, which here intervene between the two bones.

Between the articular facets, but nearer the [[posterior]] than the [[anterior]] aspect of the bone, is the '''intercondyloid eminence''' (''spine of tibia''), surmounted on either side by a prominent [[tubercle]], on to the sides of which the articular facets are prolonged; in front of and behind the intercondyloid eminence are roughdepressions for the attachment of the anterior and posterior [[cruciate ligaments]] and the [[menisci]].

The '''[[anterior]] surfaces''' of the [[condyles]] are continuous with one another, forming a large somewhat flattened area; this area is triangular, broad above, and perforated by large vascular foramina; narrow below where it ends in a large oblong elevation, the '''[[tuberosity]] of the tibia''' which gives attachment to the ligamentum [[patellae]]; a [[bursa]] intervenes between the deep surface of the ligament and the part of the bone immediately above the [[tuberosity]].

''[[Posteriorly]]'' the condyles are separated from each other by a shallow depression, the '''[[posterior]] intercondyloid fossa''' which gives attachment to part of the posterior [[cruciate]] ligament of the knee-joint. The '''[[medial condyle]]''' presents posteriorly a deep transverse groove, for the insertion of the tendon of the [[Semimembranosus]]. Its ''[[medial]] surface'' is convex, rough, and prominent; it gives attachment to the tibial collateral ligament.

The '''[[lateral]] condyle''' presents posteriorly a flat articular facet, nearly circular in form, directed downward, backward, and lateralward, for articulation with the head of the fibula. Its ''[[lateral]] surface'' is [[convex]], rough, and prominent in front: on it is an eminence, situated on a level with the upper border of the [[tuberosity]] and at the junction of its anterior and lateral surfaces, for the attachment of the [[iliotibial band]]. Just below this a part of the [[Extensor]] digitorum longus takes origin and a slip from the tendon of the [[Biceps femoris]] is inserted.

=== '''The Body or Shaft (''corpus tibiae'')''' ===
The body has three borders and three surfaces.

==== '''Borders''' ====
The '''[[anterior]] crest''' or '''[[border]]''' the most prominent of the three, commences above at the [[tuberosity]], and ends below at the anterior margin of the medial [[malleolus]]. It is sinuous and prominent in the upper two-thirds of its extent, but smooth and rounded below; it gives attachment to the deep fascia of the leg.

The '''[[medial]] border''' is smooth and rounded above and below, but more prominent in the center; it begins at the back part of the medial [[condyle]], and ends at the posterior border of the medial [[malleolus]]; its upper part gives attachment to the tibial collateral ligament of the knee-joint to the extent of about 5 cm., and insertion to some fibers of the [[Popliteus]]; from its middle third some fibers of the [[Soleus]] and [[Flexor]] digitorum longus take origin.

The '''[[interosseous crest]]''' or '''[[lateral]] border''' is thin and prominent, especially its central part, and gives attachment to the [[interosseous membrane]]; it commences above in front of the fibular articular facet, and bifurcates below, to form the boundaries of a triangular rough surface, for the attachment of the interosseous ligament connecting the tibia and [[fibula]].

<center>http://www.wikimd.org/images/gray/large/image258.gif </center>

FIG. 258– Bones of the right leg. Anterior surface. (''Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy'')

==== '''Surfaces''' ====
The '''[[medial]] surface''' is smooth, convex, and broader above than below; its upper third, directed forward and medialward, is covered by the [[aponeurosis]] derived from the [[tendon]] of the [[Sartorius]], and by the tendons of the [[Gracilis]] and [[Semitendinosus]], all of which are inserted nearly as far forward as the anterior crest; in the rest of its extent it is [[subcutaneous]].

The '''[[lateral]] surface''' is narrower than the medial; its upper two-thirds present a shallow groove for the origin of the [[Tibialis]] anterior; its lower third is smooth, convex, curves gradually forward to the anterior aspect of the bone, and is covered by the tendons of the Tibialis anterior, [[Extensor]] hallucis longus, and Extensor digitorum longus, arranged in this order from the medial side.

<center>http://www.wikimd.org/images/gray/large/image259.gif </center>

FIG. 259– Bones of the right leg. Posterior surface. (''Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy'')

The '''[[posterior]] surface''' (Fig. 259) presents, at its upper part, a prominent ridge, the '''[[popliteal line]]''' which extends obliquely downward from the back part of the articular facet for the [[fibula]] to the medial border, at the junction of its upper and middle thirds; it marks the lower limit of the insertion of the [[Popliteus]], serves for the attachment of the fascia covering this muscle, and gives origin to part of the [[Soleus]], [[Flexor]] digitorum longus, and [[Tibialis]] posterior.

The triangular area, above this line, gives insertion to the Popliteus. The middle third of the posterior surface is divided by a vertical ridge into two parts; the ridge begins at the [[popliteal line]] and is well-marked above, but indistinct below; the medial and broader portion gives origin to the [[Flexor]] digitorum longus, the lateral and narrower to part of the Tibialis posterior.

The remaining part of the posterior surface is smooth and covered by the Tibialis posterior, Flexor digitorum longus, and Flexor hallucis longus. Immediately below the popliteal line is the '''[[nutrient foramen]]''' which is large and directed obliquely downward.

=== '''The Lower Extremity (''distal extremity'')''' ===
The lower extremity, much smaller than the upper, presents five surfaces; it is prolonged downward on its medial side as a strong process, the '''medial malleolus'''

==== '''Surfaces''' ====
The '''[[inferior]] articular surface''' is quadrilateral, and smooth for articulation with the [[talus]]. It is [[concave]] from before backward, broader in front than behind, and traversed from before backward by a slight elevation, separating two depressions. It is continuous with that on the medial [[malleolus]].

<center>http://www.wikimd.org/images/gray/large/image260.gif </center>

FIG. 260– Plan of ossification of the tibia. From three centers. (''Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy'')

<center>http://www.wikimd.org/images/gray/large/image261.gif </center>

FIG. 261– Epiphysial lines of tibia and fibula in a young adult. Anterior aspect. (''Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy'')

The '''[[anterior]] surface''' of the lower extremity is smooth and rounded above, and covered by the tendons of the [[Extensor muscles]]; its lower margin presents a rough transverse depression for the attachment of the articular capsule of the [[ankle-joint]].

The '''[[posterior]] surface''' is traversed by a shallow groove directed obliquely downward and medialward, continuous with a similar groove on the posterior surface of the [[talus]] and serving for the passage of the tendon of the [[Flexor]] hallucis longus.

The '''[[lateral]] surface''' presents a triangular rough depression for the attachment of the inferior [[interosseous ligament]] connecting it with the [[fibula]]; the lower part of this depression is smooth, covered with cartilage in the fresh state, and articulates with the fibula. The surface is bounded by two prominent borders, continuous above with the interosseous crest; they afford attachment to the anterior and posterior ligaments of the lateral malleolus.

The '''[[medial]] surface''' is prolonged downward to form a strong pyramidal process, flattened from without inward—the '''[[medial malleolus]]''' The ''[[medial]] surface'' of this process is convex and [[subcutaneous]];

its ''[[lateral]]'' or ''[[articular surface]]'' is smooth and slightly concave, and articulates with the talus; its ''[[anterior]] border'' is rough, for the attachment of the anterior fibers of the [[deltoid ligament]] of the ankle-joint; its ''[[posterior]] border'' presents a broad groove, the '''[[malleolar sulcus]]''' directed obliquely downward and medialward, and occasionally double; this sulcus lodges the tendons of the Tibialis posterior and Flexor digitorum longus. The ''[[summit]]'' of the medial malleolus is marked by a rough depression behind, for the attachment of the deltoid ligament.

=== '''Structure''' ===
The structure of the tibia is like that of the other long bones. The compact wall of the body is thickest at the junction of the middle and lower thirds of the bone.

=== '''Ossification''' ===
The tibia is [[ossified]] from ''three'' centers (Figs. 260, 261): one for the body and one for either extremity. Ossification begins in the center of the body, about the seventh week of fetal life, and gradually extends toward the extremities.

The center for the upper [[epiphysis]] appears before or shortly after birth; it is flattened in form, and has a thin tongue-shaped process in front, which forms the [[tuberosity]] (Fig. 260); that for the lower epiphysis appears in the second year.

The lower epiphysis joins the body at about the eighteenth, and the upper one joins about the twentieth year. Two additional centers occasionally exist, one for the tongue-shaped process of the upper epiphysis, which forms the tuberosity, and one for the medial [[malleolus]].

==Additional images==
<gallery>
File:Right tibia - close up - animation.gif|Shape of right tibia
File:Human tibia.stl|3D image
File:Braus 1921 292.png|Longitudinal section of tibia showing interior
File:Gray345.png|Right knee-joint. Anterior view.
File:Gray347.png|Right knee joint from the front, showing interior ligaments
File:Gray348.png|Left knee joint from behind, showing interior ligaments
File:Gray356.png|Left talocrural joint
File:Gray357.png|Coronal section through right talocrural and talocalcaneal joints
File:Slide3Bubu.JPG|Dorsum of Foot. Ankle joint. Deep dissection
File:Slide2bubu.JPG|Dorsum of Foot. Ankle joint. Deep dissection
File:Slide2tat.JPG|Ankle joint. Deep dissection. Anterior view
File:Gray258.png|Bones of the right leg. Anterior surface
File:Gray259.png|Bones of the right leg. Posterior surface
File:Slide2coco.JPG|Dorsum of Foot. Ankle joint. Deep dissection.
File:Slide4CEC3.JPG|Ankle joint. Deep dissection.
File:Slide5CEC4.JPG|Ankle joint. Deep dissection.
File:Slide7CEC6.JPG|Ankle joint. Deep dissection.
File:Slide8CEC7.JPG|Ankle joint. Deep dissection.
</gallery>

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