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Prab at 22:29, 29 January 2025

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	Beneath the neck, on the medial side, is an eminence, the '''[[radial tuberosity]]''' its surface is divided into a posterior, rough portion, for the insertion of the tendon of the Biceps [[brachii]], and an anterior, smooth portion, on which a [[bursa]] is interposed between the [[tendon]] and the bone.		Beneath the neck, on the medial side, is an eminence, the '''[[radial tuberosity]]''' its surface is divided into a posterior, rough portion, for the insertion of the tendon of the Biceps [[brachii]], and an anterior, smooth portion, on which a [[bursa]] is interposed between the [[tendon]] and the bone.
			[[File:Gray218.png\|thumb\|FIG. 218– Epiphysial lines of radius in a young adult. Anterior aspect. The line of attachment of the articular capsule of the wrist-joint is in blue. (''Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy'')]]
	=== '''The Body or Shaft (''corpus radii'')''' ===		=== '''The Body or Shaft (''corpus radii'')''' ===
	The body is [[prismoid]] in form, narrower above than below, and slightly curved, so as to be convex lateralward.		The body is [[prismoid]] in form, narrower above than below, and slightly curved, so as to be convex lateralward.
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	The upper [[epiphysis]] fuses with the body at the age of seventeen or eighteen years, the lower about the age of twenty. An additional center sometimes found in the radial tuberosity, appears about the fourteenth or fifteenth year.		The upper [[epiphysis]] fuses with the body at the age of seventeen or eighteen years, the lower about the age of twenty. An additional center sometimes found in the radial tuberosity, appears about the fourteenth or fifteenth year.

	[[File:Gray218.png\|thumb\|FIG. 218– Epiphysial lines of radius in a young adult. Anterior aspect. The line of attachment of the articular capsule of the wrist-joint is in blue. (''Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy'')]]

	==Function==		==Function==

Prab at 22:28, 29 January 2025

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	[[Anatomy]] > [[Gray's Anatomy\| Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body]] > II. [Osteology]] > 6a. 5. The Radius		[[Anatomy]] > [[Gray's Anatomy\| Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body]] > II. [Osteology]] > 6a. 5. The Radius


	[[Henry Gray]] (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.		[[Henry Gray]] (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.

	=='''The Radius'''==		=='''The Radius'''==
			[[File:Gray217.png\|thumb\|FIG. 217– Plan of ossification of the radius. From three centers. (''Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy'')]]
	The '''radius''' (Figs. 213, 214) is situated on the lateral side of the [[ulna]], which exceeds it in length and size. Its upper end is small, and forms only a small part of the [[elbow-joint]]; but its lower end is large, and forms the chief part of the [[wrist-joint]].		The '''radius''' (Figs. 213, 214) is situated on the lateral side of the [[ulna]], which exceeds it in length and size. Its upper end is small, and forms only a small part of the [[elbow-joint]]; but its lower end is large, and forms the chief part of the [[wrist-joint]].

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	The upper [[epiphysis]] fuses with the body at the age of seventeen or eighteen years, the lower about the age of twenty. An additional center sometimes found in the radial tuberosity, appears about the fourteenth or fifteenth year.		The upper [[epiphysis]] fuses with the body at the age of seventeen or eighteen years, the lower about the age of twenty. An additional center sometimes found in the radial tuberosity, appears about the fourteenth or fifteenth year.


	~~<center>http://www.wikimd.org/images/gray/large/image217.gif </center>~~



	~~FIG. 217– Plan of ossification of the radius. From three centers. (''Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy'')~~

			[[File:Gray218.png\|thumb\|FIG. 218– Epiphysial lines of radius in a young adult. Anterior aspect. The line of attachment of the articular capsule of the wrist-joint is in blue. (''Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy'')]]


	~~<center>http~~:~~//www~~.~~wikimd.org/images/gray/large/image218.gif </center>~~



	FIG. 218– Epiphysial lines of radius in a young adult. Anterior aspect. The line of attachment of the articular capsule of the wrist-joint is in blue. (''Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy'')

	==Function==		==Function==

Deepika vegiraju at 13:21, 1 June 2020

2020-06-01T13:21:31Z

New page

[[Anatomy]] > [[Gray's Anatomy| Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body]] > II. [Osteology]] > 6a. 5. The Radius

[[Henry Gray]] (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.

=='''The Radius'''==

The '''radius''' (Figs. 213, 214) is situated on the lateral side of the [[ulna]], which exceeds it in length and size. Its upper end is small, and forms only a small part of the [[elbow-joint]]; but its lower end is large, and forms the chief part of the [[wrist-joint]].

It is a long bone, prismatic in form and slightly curved longitudinally. It has a body and two extremities.

=== '''The Upper Extremity (''proximal extremity'')''' ===
The upper extremity presents a head, neck, and [[tuberosity]]. The '''head''' is of a cylindrical form, and on its upper surface is a shallow cup or [[fovea]] for articulation with the capitulum of the [[humerus]]. The circumference of the head is smooth; it is broad medially where it articulates with the radial notch of the ulna, narrow in the rest of its extent, which is embraced by the annular ligament.

The head is supported on a round, smooth, and constricted portion called the '''neck''' on the back of which is a slight ridge for the insertion of part of the [[Supinator]].

Beneath the neck, on the medial side, is an eminence, the '''[[radial tuberosity]]''' its surface is divided into a posterior, rough portion, for the insertion of the tendon of the Biceps [[brachii]], and an anterior, smooth portion, on which a [[bursa]] is interposed between the [[tendon]] and the bone.

=== '''The Body or Shaft (''corpus radii'')''' ===
The body is [[prismoid]] in form, narrower above than below, and slightly curved, so as to be convex lateralward.

It presents three borders and three surfaces.

==== '''Borders''' ====
The '''[[volar]] border''' (''margo volaris; anterior border'') extends from the lower part of the [[tuberosity]] above to the anterior part of the base of the [[styloid process]] below, and separates the volar from the lateral surface. Its upper third is prominent, and from its oblique direction has received the name of the '''oblique line of the radius''' it gives origin to the [[Flexor]] digitorum sublimis and Flexor pollicis longus; the surface above the line gives insertion to part of the Supinator. The middle third of the volar border is indistinct and rounded. The lower fourth is prominent, and gives insertion to the [[Pronator]] quadratus, and attachment to the dorsal carpal ligament; it ends in a small tubercle, into which the tendon of the [[Brachioradialis]] is inserted.

The '''[[dorsal]] border''' (''margo dorsalis; posterior border'') begins above at the back of the neck, and ends below at the posterior part of the base of the [[styloid process]]; it separates the posterior from the lateral surface. It is indistinct above and below, but well-marked in the middle third of the bone.

The '''[[interosseous]] crest''' (''crista interossea; internal or interosseous border'') begins above, at the back part of the tuberosity, and its upper part is rounded and indistinct; it becomes sharp and prominent as it descends, and at its lower part divides into two ridges which are continued to the [[anterior]] and [[posterior]] margins of the ulnar notch. To the posterior of the two ridges the lower part of the interosseous membrane is attached, while the triangular surface between the ridges gives insertion to part of the [[Pronator]] quadratus. This crest separates the volar from the dorsal surface, and gives attachment to the interosseous membrane.

==== '''Surface''' ====
The '''[[volar]] surface''' (''facies volaris; anterior surface'') is concave in its upper three-fourths, and gives origin to the [[Flexor]] pollicis longus; it is broad and flat in its lower fourth, and affords insertion to the [[Pronator]] quadratus. A prominent ridge limits the insertion of the Pronator quadratus below, and between this and the inferior border is a triangular rough surface for the attachment of the volar radiocarpal ligament. At the junction of the upper and middle thirds of the volar surface is the nutrient foramen, which is directed obliquely upward.

The '''[[dorsal]] surface''' (''facies dorsalis; posterior surface'') is convex, and smooth in the upper third of its extent, and covered by the [[Supinator]]. Its middle third is broad, slightly concave, and gives origin to the [[Abductor]] pollicis longus above, and the [[Extensor]] pollicis brevis below. Its lower third is broad, convex, and covered by the tendons of the muscles which subsequently run in the grooves on the lower end of the bone.

The '''[[lateral]] surface''' (''facies lateralis; external surface'') is convex throughout its entire extent. Its upper third gives insertion to the Supinator. About its center is a rough ridge, for the insertion of the [[Pronator teres]]. Its lower part is narrow, and covered by the tendons of the Abductor [[pollicis longus]] and Extensor [[pollicis brevis]].

=== '''The Lower Extremity''' ===
The lower extremity is large, of quadrilateral form, and provided with two articular surfaces—one below, for the carpus, and another at the medial side, for the ulna. The carpal articular surface is triangular, concave, smooth, and divided by a slight antero-posterior ridge into two parts. Of these, the lateral, triangular, articulates with the [[navicular bone]]; the medial, quadrilateral, with the [[lunate bone]].

The articular surface for the ulna is called the '''[[ulnar notch]]''' (''sigmoid cavity'') '''of the radius''' it is narrow, concave, smooth, and articulates with the head of the [[ulna]]. These two articular surfaces are separated by a prominent ridge, to which the base of the triangular articular disk is attached; this disk separates the [[wrist-joint]] from the distal [[radioulnar]] articulation. This end of the bone has three non-articular surfaces—volar, dorsal, and lateral.

The '''[[volar]] surface''' rough and irregular, affords attachment to the volar [[radiocarpal ligament]]. The '''[[dorsal]] surface''' is convex, affords attachment to the dorsal radiocarpal ligament, and is marked by three grooves. Enumerated from the lateral side, the first groove is broad, but shallow, and subdivided into two by a slight ridge; the lateral of these two transmits the tendon of the Extensor carpi radialis longus, the medial the tendon of the Extensor carpi radialis brevis.

The second is deep but narrow, and bounded laterally by a sharply defined ridge; it is directed obliquely from above downward and lateralward, and transmits the tendon of the Extensor pollicis longus. The third is broad, for the passage of the tendons of the Extensor indicis proprius and Extensor digitorum communis.

The '''[[lateral]] surface''' is prolonged obliquely downward into a strong, conical projection, the '''[[styloid process]]''' which gives attachment by its base to the tendon of the [[Brachioradialis]], and by its [[apex]] to the radial collateral ligament of the wrist-joint. The lateral surface of this process is marked by a flat groove, for the [[]]tendons of the [[Abductor]] pollicis longus and [[Extensor]] pollicis brevis.

=== Structure ===
The long narrow medullary cavity is enclosed in a strong wall of compact tissue which is thickest along the [[interosseous]] border and thinnest at the extremities except over the cup-shaped articular surface ([[fovea]]) of the head where it is thickened.

The [[trabeculae]] of the spongy tissue are somewhat arched at the upper end and pass upward from the compact layer of the shaft to the fovea [[capituli]]; they are crossed by others parallel to the surface of the fovea. The arrangement at the lower end is somewhat similar.

=== '''Ossification (Figs. 217, 218)''' ===
The radius is ossified from ''three'' centers: one for the body, and one for either extremity. That for the body makes its appearance near the center of the bone, during the eighth week of fetal life. About the end of the second year, ossification commences in the lower end; and at the fifth year, in the upper end.

The upper [[epiphysis]] fuses with the body at the age of seventeen or eighteen years, the lower about the age of twenty. An additional center sometimes found in the radial tuberosity, appears about the fourteenth or fifteenth year.

<center>http://www.wikimd.org/images/gray/large/image217.gif </center>

FIG. 217– Plan of ossification of the radius. From three centers. (''Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy'')

<center>http://www.wikimd.org/images/gray/large/image218.gif </center>

FIG. 218– Epiphysial lines of radius in a young adult. Anterior aspect. The line of attachment of the articular capsule of the wrist-joint is in blue. (''Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy'')

==Function==

===Muscle attachments===
The [[biceps]] muscle inserts on the radial tuberosity of the upper extremity of the bone. The upper third of the body of the bone attaches to the [[supinator muscle|supinator]], the [[flexor digitorum superficialis]], and the [[flexor pollicis longus]] muscles.
The middle third of the body attaches to the [[abductor pollicis longus|extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis]], [[extensor pollicis brevis|extensor primi internodii pollicis]], and the [[pronator teres]] muscles.
The lower quarter of the body attaches to the [[pronator quadratus]] muscle and the [[tendon]] of the [[brachioradialis|supinator longus]].
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Bones of upper extremity}}
{{Portal bar|Anatomy}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Long bones]]
[[Category:Bones of the upper limb]]
[[Category:Radius (bone)| ]]

{{grays}}

The Radius - Revision history

Prab: CSV import

Prab at 22:29, 29 January 2025

Prab at 22:28, 29 January 2025

Deepika vegiraju at 13:21, 1 June 2020