The Muscles of the Scalp - Revision history

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External links

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	==External links==		==External links==
	* {{cite journal \| author = Bérzin F \| title = Occipitofrontalis muscle: functional analysis revealed by electromyography. \| journal = Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol \| volume = 29 \| issue = 6 \| pages = 355–8 \| year = 1989 \| pmid = 2689156}}
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Prab at 00:11, 30 January 2025

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	[[Anatomy]] > [[Gray's Anatomy\| Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body]] > IV. Myology > 4. The Fasciæ and Muscles of the Head. a. The Muscles of the Scalp		[[Anatomy]] > [[Gray's Anatomy\| Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body]] > IV. Myology > 4. The Fasciæ and Muscles of the Head. a. The Muscles of the Scalp


	[[Henry Gray]] (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.		[[Henry Gray]] (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.

	==The Muscles of the Scalp==		==The Muscles of the Scalp==


	'''Epicranius'''		'''Epicranius'''

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	The '''[[Occipitalis]]''' thin and quadrilateral in form, ''[[arises]]'' by tendinous fibers from the lateral two-thirds of the superior [[nuchal]] line of the occipital bone, and from the [[mastoid]] part of the temporal. It ends in the [[galea aponeurotica]].		The '''[[Occipitalis]]''' thin and quadrilateral in form, ''[[arises]]'' by tendinous fibers from the lateral two-thirds of the superior [[nuchal]] line of the occipital bone, and from the [[mastoid]] part of the temporal. It ends in the [[galea aponeurotica]].

			[[File:Gray378.png\|thumb\|FIG. 378– Muscles of the head, face, and neck. (''Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy'')]]
	~~<center>http~~:~~//www~~.~~wikimd.org/images/gray/large/image378.gif </center>~~



	FIG. 378– Muscles of the head, face, and neck. (''Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy'')

	=== '''Frontalis''' ===		=== '''Frontalis''' ===
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	A thin muscular slip, the '''Transversus nuchae''' is present in a considerable proportion (25 per cent.) of cases; it ''arises'' from the external occipital [[protuberance]] or from the [[superior]] nuchal line, either superficial or deep to the [[Trapezius]]; it is frequently ''inserted'' with the [[Auricularis]] posterior, but may join the posterior edge of the [[Sternocleidomastoideus]].		A thin muscular slip, the '''Transversus nuchae''' is present in a considerable proportion (25 per cent.) of cases; it ''arises'' from the external occipital [[protuberance]] or from the [[superior]] nuchal line, either superficial or deep to the [[Trapezius]]; it is frequently ''inserted'' with the [[Auricularis]] posterior, but may join the posterior edge of the [[Sternocleidomastoideus]].

	==External links==		==External links==
	* {{cite journal \| author = Bérzin F \| title = Occipitofrontalis muscle: functional analysis revealed by electromyography. \| journal = Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol \| volume = 29 \| issue = 6 \| pages = 355–8 \| year = 1989 \| pmid = 2689156}}		* {{cite journal \| author = Bérzin F \| title = Occipitofrontalis muscle: functional analysis revealed by electromyography. \| journal = Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol \| volume = 29 \| issue = 6 \| pages = 355–8 \| year = 1989 \| pmid = 2689156}}

	{{Muscles of head}}		{{Muscles of head}}
	~~{{Authority control}}~~

	[[Category:Muscles of the head and neck]]		[[Category:Muscles of the head and neck]]


	{{grays}}		{{grays}}

Deepika vegiraju at 02:44, 10 June 2020

2020-06-10T02:44:26Z

New page

[[Anatomy]] > [[Gray's Anatomy| Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body]] > IV. Myology > 4. The Fasciæ and Muscles of the Head. a. The Muscles of the Scalp

[[Henry Gray]] (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.

==The Muscles of the Scalp==

'''Epicranius'''

=== '''The Skin of the Scalp''' ===
This is thicker than in any other part of the body. It is intimately adherent to the superficial [[fascia]], which attaches it firmly to the underlying [[aponeurosis]] and muscle. Movements of the muscle move the skin. The hair [[follicles]] are very closely set together, and extend throughout the whole thickness of the skin. It also contains a number of [[sebaceous glands]].

The '''[[superficial fascia]]''' in the [[cranial]] region is a firm, dense, fibro-fatty layer, intimately adherent to the integument, and to the [[Epicranius]] and its tendinous [[aponeurosis]]; it is continuous, behind, with the superficial fascia at the back of the neck; and, laterally, is continued over the temporal fascia. It contains between its layers the [[superficial]] vessels and nerves and much granular fat.

The '''[[Epicranius]]''' (''Occipitofrontalis'') (Fig. 378) is a broad, [[musculofibrous]] layer, which covers the whole of one side of the [[vertex]] of the skull, from the [[occipital]] bone to the eyebrow. It consists of two parts, the Occipitalis and the Frontalis, connected by an intervening [[Tendinous|tendinous aponeurosis, the '''galea aponeurotica''']]

The '''[[Occipitalis]]''' thin and quadrilateral in form, ''[[arises]]'' by tendinous fibers from the lateral two-thirds of the superior [[nuchal]] line of the occipital bone, and from the [[mastoid]] part of the temporal. It ends in the [[galea aponeurotica]].

<center>http://www.wikimd.org/images/gray/large/image378.gif </center>

FIG. 378– Muscles of the head, face, and neck. (''Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy'')

=== '''Frontalis''' ===
The '''Frontalis''' is thin, of a quadrilateral form, and intimately adherent to the superficial fascia. It is broader than the Occipitalis and its fibers are longer and paler in color. It has no bony attachments. Its medial fibers are continuous with those of the Procerus; its immediate fibers blend with the [[Corrugator]] and Orbicularis oculi; and its lateral fibers are also blended with the latter muscle over the [[zygomatic]] process of the frontal bone. From these attachments the fibers are directed upward, and join the galea aponeurotica below the coronal suture. The medial margins of the [[Frontales]] are joined together for some distance above the root of the nose; but between the Occipitales there is a considerable, though variable, interval, occupied by the galea aponeurotica.

=== '''Galea aponeurotica''' ===
The '''galea aponeurotica''' (''epicranial aponeurosis'') covers the upper part of the [[cranium]]; behind, it is attached, in the interval between its union with the [[Occipitales]], to the external occipital protuberance and highest nuchal lines of the [[Occipital bone|occipital]] bone; in front, it forms a short and narrow prolongation between its union with the [[Frontales]]. On either side it gives origin to the [[Auriculares]] anterior and superior; in this situation it loses its [[aponeurotic]] character, and is continued over the temporal fascia to the [[Zygomatic arch|zygomatic]] arch as a layer of laminated [[areolar]] tissue. It is closely connected to the integument by the firm, dense, fibro-fatty layer which forms the superficial fascia of the scalp: it is attached to the pericranium by loose cellular tissue, which allows the [[aponeurosis]], carrying with it the integument to move through a considerable distance.

==='''Variations'''===
Both Frontalis and Occipitalis vary considerably in size and in extent of attachment; either may be absent; fusion of Frontalis to skin has been noted.

==='''Nerves'''===
The Frontalis is supplied by the temporal branches of the facial nerve, and the Occipitalis by the [[posterior]] auricular branch of the same nerve.

==='''Actions'''===
The Frontales raise the eyebrows and the skin over the root of the nose, and at the same time draw the scalp forward, throwing the integument of the forehead into transverse wrinkles. The Occipitales draw the scalp backward. By bringing alternately into action the Frontales and Occipitales the entire scalp may be moved forward and backward.

In the ordinary action of the muscles, the eyebrows are elevated, and at the same time the aponeurosis is fixed by the Occipitales, thus giving to the face the expression of surprise; if the action be exaggerated, the eyebrows are still further raised, and the skin of the forehead thrown into transverse wrinkles, as in the expression of fright or horror.

A thin muscular slip, the '''Transversus nuchae''' is present in a considerable proportion (25 per cent.) of cases; it ''arises'' from the external occipital [[protuberance]] or from the [[superior]] nuchal line, either superficial or deep to the [[Trapezius]]; it is frequently ''inserted'' with the [[Auricularis]] posterior, but may join the posterior edge of the [[Sternocleidomastoideus]].
==External links==
* {{cite journal | author = Bérzin F | title = Occipitofrontalis muscle: functional analysis revealed by electromyography. | journal = Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol | volume = 29 | issue = 6 | pages = 355–8 | year = 1989 | pmid = 2689156}}

{{Muscles of head}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Muscles of the head and neck]]

{{grays}}