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			<gallery>
			File:Sulky_arcaica.jpg\|Sulci
			File:Leone_(Sulcis).jpg\|Leone in Sulci
			File:DRUSO_MINORE_DA_SULCIS_2.jpg\|Druso Minore da Sulci
			File:Tofet_di_Sant'Antioco.JPG\|Tofet di Sant'Antioco
			</gallery>

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'''Sulci''' are grooves or furrows found on the surface of the [[brain]], serving as important landmarks that divide the brain into lobes and also into smaller regions. They are part of the brain's [[cerebral cortex]], which is involved in many high-level functions such as [[memory]], [[attention]], [[perception]], [[cognition]], [[awareness]], [[thought]], [[language]], and [[consciousness]]. Sulci play a crucial role in increasing the surface area of the [[cerebral cortex]], allowing for a greater number of [[neurons]] to be accommodated within the limited space of the [[skull]]. This increase in surface area is associated with enhanced cognitive abilities.

==Anatomy and Function==
The brain's surface is marked by a series of ridges and grooves. The ridges are known as [[gyri]] (singular: gyrus), while the grooves are referred to as sulci (singular: sulcus). The presence of these structures contributes to the characteristic wrinkled appearance of the brain. Among the most prominent sulci are the [[central sulcus]], which separates the [[frontal lobe]] from the [[parietal lobe]], and the [[lateral sulcus]] (also known as the Sylvian fissure), which divides the [[temporal lobe]] from the frontal and parietal lobes.

Sulci serve not only as physical landmarks but also as boundaries for functional areas of the brain. For example, the central sulcus separates the primary [[motor cortex]], located in the frontal lobe, from the primary [[somatosensory cortex]], located in the parietal lobe. This separation is crucial for the organization and execution of motor functions and the processing of sensory information.

==Development==
The development of sulci begins in the late stages of fetal development and continues into early childhood. This process, known as [[cortical folding]], is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The pattern of sulci and gyri is unique to each individual, although certain sulci are consistent across individuals, allowing them to be used as landmarks for [[neuroimaging]] and [[neurosurgery]].

==Clinical Significance==
Abnormalities in the development of sulci and gyri can be indicators of neurological or developmental disorders. For instance, a lack of normal cortical folding, known as [[lissencephaly]], is associated with severe intellectual disability and epilepsy. Conversely, excessive folding can be seen in conditions such as [[polymicrogyria]]. The study of sulci and their patterns can also aid in the diagnosis and treatment planning for conditions such as [[epilepsy]], [[brain tumors]], and [[cerebrovascular accidents]] (strokes).

==See Also==
* [[Gyri]]
* [[Cerebral cortex]]
* [[Neuroanatomy]]
* [[Brain development]]

[[Category:Neuroanatomy]]

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Sulci - Revision history

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