Spectinomycin - Revision history

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	~~'''~~Spectinomycin''' is an [[antibiotic]] that is used in the treatment of [[gonorrhea]], a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium ''[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]''. It is a bacteriostatic antibiotic, which means it inhibits the growth of bacteria rather than killing them directly. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial [[ribosome]], thereby inhibiting protein synthesis.		==Spectinomycin==

	~~== History ==~~		[[File:Spectinomycin.svg\|Spectinomycin chemical structure\|thumb\|right]]
	~~Spectinomycin was discovered in the 1960s and is produced by the bacterium ''~~[[~~Streptomyces spectabilis~~]]~~''. It was initially used as a treatment for gonorrhea, but its use has declined due to the development of resistance by ''Neisseria gonorrhoeae''.~~

	~~== Mechanism~~ of ~~action ==~~		'''Spectinomycin''' is an [[antibiotic]] used primarily in the treatment of [[gonorrhea]], a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium ''[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]''. It is a member of the [[aminocyclitol]] class of antibiotics, which are structurally related to [[aminoglycosides]]. Unlike aminoglycosides, spectinomycin does not possess the characteristic amino sugars and glycosidic bonds.
	~~Spectinomycin acts~~ by ~~binding to~~ the ~~30S subunit~~ of the ~~bacterial ribosome~~, ~~specifically~~ to ~~the 16S rRNA~~. ~~This binding interferes with the initiation of protein synthesis~~, ~~preventing~~ the ~~bacteria from growing~~ and ~~multiplying~~.

	== ~~Resistance~~ ==		==Mechanism of Action==
	~~Resistance to spectinomycin is primarily due~~ to ~~mutations in~~ the ~~16S rRNA gene~~ of ~~''Neisseria gonorrhoeae''~~. ~~These mutations alter~~ the ~~binding site~~ of ~~the antibiotic on the ribosome, reducing its effectiveness~~.		Spectinomycin functions by inhibiting bacterial [[protein synthesis]]. It binds to the 30S subunit of the bacterial [[ribosome]], interfering with the translocation step in protein synthesis. This action is bacteriostatic, meaning it inhibits the growth and reproduction of bacteria rather than killing them directly.

	== ~~Side effects~~ ==		==Clinical Use==
	~~Common side effects~~ of ~~spectinomycin include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea~~. ~~Less common side effects include fever, rash, and changes in liver function tests~~.		Spectinomycin is primarily used as an alternative treatment for gonorrhea, especially in cases where the patient is allergic to [[penicillin]] or when the causative strain of ''N. gonorrhoeae'' is resistant to other antibiotics. It is administered via intramuscular injection.

	== ~~See also~~ ==		==Pharmacokinetics==
			After intramuscular administration, spectinomycin is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream. It is distributed throughout the body and is excreted primarily by the kidneys. The half-life of spectinomycin is approximately 1 to 2 hours in individuals with normal renal function.

			==Side Effects==
			Common side effects of spectinomycin include pain at the injection site, nausea, dizziness, and fever. Rarely, it may cause allergic reactions, including [[anaphylaxis]].

			==Resistance==
			Resistance to spectinomycin can occur, although it is less common compared to other antibiotics used for gonorrhea. Resistance mechanisms include mutations in the ribosomal RNA that prevent spectinomycin from binding effectively.

			==History==
			Spectinomycin was first isolated in the 1960s from the bacterium ''[[Streptomyces spectabilis]]''. It was developed as an antibiotic due to its unique mechanism of action and its effectiveness against certain bacterial infections.

			==Related Pages==
	* [[Antibiotic resistance]]		* [[Antibiotic resistance]]
	* [[~~Sexually transmitted infection~~]]		* [[Aminoglycoside]]
	* [[~~Ribosome~~]]		* [[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]
			* [[Protein synthesis inhibitor]]

			[[File:Spectinomycin....pdf\|Spectinomycin information leaflet\|thumb\|left]]

	[[Category:Antibiotics]]		[[Category:Antibiotics]]
	[[Category:~~Sexually transmitted diseases and infections~~]]		[[Category:Aminocyclitols]]
	[[Category:~~Pharmacology~~]]		[[Category:Protein synthesis inhibitors]]

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'''Spectinomycin''' is an [[antibiotic]] that is used in the treatment of [[gonorrhea]], a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium ''[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]''. It is a bacteriostatic antibiotic, which means it inhibits the growth of bacteria rather than killing them directly. Spectinomycin works by binding to the bacterial [[ribosome]], thereby inhibiting protein synthesis.

== History ==
Spectinomycin was discovered in the 1960s and is produced by the bacterium ''[[Streptomyces spectabilis]]''. It was initially used as a treatment for gonorrhea, but its use has declined due to the development of resistance by ''Neisseria gonorrhoeae''.

== Mechanism of action ==
Spectinomycin acts by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, specifically to the 16S rRNA. This binding interferes with the initiation of protein synthesis, preventing the bacteria from growing and multiplying.

== Resistance ==
Resistance to spectinomycin is primarily due to mutations in the 16S rRNA gene of ''Neisseria gonorrhoeae''. These mutations alter the binding site of the antibiotic on the ribosome, reducing its effectiveness.

== Side effects ==
Common side effects of spectinomycin include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Less common side effects include fever, rash, and changes in liver function tests.

== See also ==
* [[Antibiotic resistance]]
* [[Sexually transmitted infection]]
* [[Ribosome]]

[[Category:Antibiotics]]
[[Category:Sexually transmitted diseases and infections]]
[[Category:Pharmacology]]

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