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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>'''Sonication''' is a process that uses [[ultrasound]] energy to agitate particles in a sample, for various purposes. Ultrasound has frequencies greater than the upper limit of human hearing, greater than 20 kilohertz.<br />
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== Uses ==<br />
Sonication is used in many areas of [[biology]], for example to disrupt cell membranes and release intracellular materials, shear DNA, encourage [[cell growth]], and to speed up reactions. It is also used in [[medical research]] for [[microbial disinfection]] and fragmentation, and for activating [[drug delivery]] systems.<br />
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== Equipment ==<br />
Sonication devices are commonly referred to as "sonicators". Sonicators typically consist of an ultrasonic processor – a generator of ultrasonic waves – and a transducer – a tool that converts the electrical waves into mechanical waves. The mechanical waves are then transmitted into the sample using a probe or horn.<br />
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== Process ==<br />
The process of sonication can be carried out with a probe-type sonicator, a bath-type sonicator, or an ultrasonic cleaner. The probe-type sonicator is more commonly used in biochemistry and molecular biology, while the bath-type sonicator is more commonly used in the cleaning of delicate equipment.<br />
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== Risks ==<br />
Sonication can cause damage to some types of cells, particularly eukaryotic cells. It can also cause aerosols, which can be a problem if the sample is hazardous, such as pathogenic bacteria or viruses. The heat generated by sonication can kill cells, denature proteins, and cause the sample to evaporate.<br />
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== See also ==<br />
* [[Ultrasound]]<br />
* [[Cell disruption]]<br />
* [[Drug delivery]]<br />
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[[Category:Biological techniques and tools]]<br />
[[Category:Medical equipment]]<br />
[[Category:Ultrasound]]<br />
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