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-[[File:Acromegaly facial features.JPEG|thumb|'''Skull bossing'''; in this case frontal bossing presents as a protuberance of the [[frontal bone]]s and an enlarged [[brow ridge]] caused by increased [[growth hormone]] production associated with [[acromegaly]].]]
+{{Short description|Protrusion of the skull bones}}
-'''Skull bossing''' is a descriptive term in medical physical examination indicating a protuberance of the skull, most often in the [[frontal bone]]s of the forehead ("frontal bossing"). Although prominence of the skull bones may be normal, skull bossing may be associated with certain medical conditions, <ref name=":0">{{cite book|author=Dennis, Mark|author2=Bowen, William Talbot|author3=Cho, Lucy|chapter=Frontal bossing|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIV-NYPRCzEC&pg=PA520|title=Mechanisms of Clinical Signs|year=2012|publisher=Elsevier|page=520}}</ref> including nutritional, metabolic, hormonal, and hematologic disorders.
+{{Medical condition}}
-==Frontal bossing==
+'''Skull bossing''' refers to a prominent, protruding forehead or brow ridge. It is a physical condition that can be a normal variant or associated with certain medical conditions. Skull bossing is often observed in conjunction with other symptoms and can be indicative of underlying health issues.
-==Associated medical disorders==
+==Causes==
-[[File:Frontal bossing-in a child.jpg|thumb|'''Frontal bossing''' in a child]]
+Skull bossing can result from a variety of causes, ranging from genetic conditions to metabolic disorders. Some of the primary causes include:
-==References==
+* '''[[Acromegaly]]''': A hormonal disorder that results from excess [[growth hormone]], leading to enlarged bones, including the skull.
-<references/>
+* '''[[Congenital syphilis]]''': An infection passed from mother to child during pregnancy, which can cause characteristic changes in the skull.
-[[Category:Medical terminology]]
+* '''[[Thalassemia]]''': A blood disorder that causes the body to produce an abnormal form of [[hemoglobin]], leading to bone deformities.

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[[File:Acromegaly facial features.JPEG|thumb|'''Skull bossing'''; in this case frontal bossing presents as a protuberance of the [[frontal bone]]s and an enlarged [[brow ridge]] caused by increased [[growth hormone]] production associated with [[acromegaly]].]]
'''Skull bossing''' is a descriptive term in medical physical examination indicating a protuberance of the skull, most often in the [[frontal bone]]s of the forehead ("frontal bossing"). Although prominence of the skull bones may be normal, skull bossing may be associated with certain medical conditions, <ref name=":0">{{cite book|author=Dennis, Mark|author2=Bowen, William Talbot|author3=Cho, Lucy|chapter=Frontal bossing|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIV-NYPRCzEC&pg=PA520|title=Mechanisms of Clinical Signs|year=2012|publisher=Elsevier|page=520}}</ref> including nutritional, metabolic, hormonal, and hematologic disorders.

==Frontal bossing==
[[File:Skeleton Infant Rickets.jpeg|thumb|Infant Skeleton with Frontal Bossing, ''A Treatise of the Diseases of Infancy and Childhood'' by Dr. Job Lewis Smith, 1881]]
'''Frontal bossing''' is the development of an unusually pronounced forehead which may also be associated with a heavier than normal brow ridge. It is caused by enlargement of the [[frontal bone]], often in conjunction with abnormal enlargement of other [[facial bones]], [[human skull|skull]], [[mandible]], and bones of the hands and feet. Frontal bossing may be seen in a few rare medical syndromes such as [[acromegaly]] - a chronic medical disorder in which the [[anterior pituitary]] gland produces excess [[growth hormone]] (GH).<ref>PubMed Health: Frontal bossing[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0003785/]</ref> Frontal bossing may also occur in diseases resulting in chronic anemia, where there is increased [[Haematopoiesis|hematopoiesis]] and enlargement of the [[Diploë|medullary cavities of the skull]].<ref name=":0" />
{{clear}}

==Associated medical disorders==
[[File:Frontal bossing-in a child.jpg|thumb|'''Frontal bossing''' in a child]]
*[[Rickets]]<ref>Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 19e. Chapter 48</ref>
*[[Achondroplasia]]
*[[Acromegaly]]
*[[Basal cell nevus syndrome]]
*[[Congenital syphilis]]
*[[Cleidocranial dysostosis]]
*[[Crouzon syndrome]]
*[[Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndrome (CAPS - PFS)]]<ref>http://www.canadiancapsnetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Diagnostic-Criteria-2016.pdf</ref>
*[[Ectodermal dysplasia]]
*[[Extramedullary hematopoiesis]]
*[[Fragile X syndrome]]
*[[Hurler syndrome]]
*[[Osteopathia Striata with Cranial Sclerosis]]
*[[Pfeiffer syndrome]]
*[[Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome]]
*[[Russell-Silver syndrome]] (Russell-Silver dwarf)
*[[Thanatophoric dysplasia]]
*[[Marfan syndrome]]
*[[Trimethadione]] (antiseizure drug) use during pregnancy
*[[Beta-thalassemia]] (due to expansion of bone marrow secondary to increased [[hematopoiesis]])<ref>Bope, Edward T., and Rick D. Kellerman. "Chapter 13 - Hematology." ''Conn's Current Therapy: Latest Approved Methods of Treatment for the Practicing Physician''. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2012.</ref>
*[[Hallermann-Streiff syndrome]]

==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Medical terminology]]

Skull bossing - Revision history

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