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[[File:סידור_מהמאה_ה-9.jpg|סידור מהמאה ה-9|thumb]] [[File:Sibir1.jpg|Sibir1|thumb|left]] [[File:Sidur_ślubny_z_domu_Szymona_Klugera_w_Oświęcimiu,_MŻ-305-O.jpg|Sidur ślubny z domu Szymona Klugera w Oświęcimiu, MŻ-305-O|thumb|left]] [[File:Siddurim.JPG|Siddurim|thumb]] [[File:Siddur_Tefila.jpg|Siddur Tefila|thumb]] [[File:DSCN0301.JPG|DSCN0301|thumb]] '''Siddur''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: סידור) is the term used in [[Judaism]] for the traditional [[Jewish prayer book]]. The word "siddur" comes from a Hebrew root meaning "order," as it organizes the daily, [[Sabbath]], and [[Jewish holiday|festival]] prayers. These prayers, which are compiled according to the [[Jewish liturgy]], have evolved over centuries, reflecting the religious, spiritual, and practical needs of the Jewish people throughout their history.

==History and Development==
The development of the siddur can be traced back to the times of the [[Second Temple]] in [[Jerusalem]], where formalized communal prayers began to take shape. After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, the importance of prayer in Jewish life increased as it became a substitute for the sacrificial rites that had been performed in the Temple. The leaders of the Jewish community, known as the [[Tannaim]] and [[Amoraim]], played significant roles in the formulation and standardization of the prayers.

By the [[Middle Ages]], the basic structure of the siddur was largely established. Various Jewish communities, especially those in [[Babylonia]], the [[Iberian Peninsula]], [[Italy]], and [[Germany]], developed their own rites and versions of the siddur, leading to a diversity of customs and liturgical texts. The most influential versions include the [[Ashkenazi]], [[Sephardi]], [[Mizrahi]], and [[Nusach Sefard]] rites.

==Structure and Contents==
A typical siddur includes the following sections:
* '''[[Shacharit]]''' - the morning prayers
* '''[[Mincha]]''' - the afternoon prayers
* '''[[Ma'ariv]]''' or '''[[Arvit]]''' - the evening prayers
* Prayers for the [[Sabbath]] and Jewish festivals ([[Pesach]], [[Shavuot]], [[Sukkot]], etc.)
* Various blessings and supplications, such as those for meals, travel, and special occasions

The central part of the siddur is the [[Amidah]] or Shemoneh Esrei, a series of 19 blessings recited while standing. Another key element is the [[Shema Yisrael]], a declaration of faith in one God, which is recited twice daily.

==Variants and Customary Practices==
The siddur reflects the diversity within Judaism through its various versions, each adapted to the customs and liturgical traditions of different Jewish communities. For example, the [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] siddur differs in language, layout, and certain prayers from the [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardi]] siddur. In recent years, there has been an effort to create inclusive and egalitarian versions of the siddur, accommodating a wide range of Jewish beliefs and practices.

==Significance==
The siddur is more than a prayer book; it serves as a guide for the spiritual life of a Jew, offering a framework for personal growth, communal solidarity, and connection to the divine. It encompasses the full range of human emotions, from gratitude and joy to lamentation and longing for redemption.

==See Also==
* [[Jewish services]]
* [[List of Jewish prayers and blessings]]
* [[Haggadah]]
* [[Machzor]]

[[Category:Judaism]]
[[Category:Jewish liturgy]]
[[Category:Prayer books]]

{{Judaism-stub}}

Siddur - Revision history

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