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← Older revision		Revision as of 18:01, 8 April 2025
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	[[File:Smellie_32.jpg\|~~thumb~~\|~~Smellie_32.jpg~~]] '''Shoulder presentation''' is a type of [[malpresentation]] in which the [[fetus]] is positioned with its shoulder pointing towards the birth canal. This condition is a form of [[transverse lie]], where the fetus lies horizontally in the uterus rather than the typical [[cephalic presentation]] (head-first) or [[breech presentation]] (buttocks or feet first).		{{SI}}
			{{Infobox medical condition
			\| name = Shoulder presentation
			\| image = [[File:Smellie_32.jpg\|250px]]
			\| caption = Illustration of shoulder presentation
			\| field = [[Obstetrics]]
			\| synonyms =
			\| symptoms = [[Abnormal fetal position]]
			\| complications = [[Obstructed labor]], [[fetal distress]]
			\| onset =
			\| duration =
			\| types =
			\| causes = [[Multiple pregnancy]], [[polyhydramnios]], [[uterine abnormalities]]
			\| risks =
			\| diagnosis = [[Ultrasound]], [[physical examination]]
			\| differential = [[Breech presentation]], [[cephalic presentation]]
			\| prevention =
			\| treatment = [[Cesarean section]], [[external cephalic version]]
			\| medication =
			\| prognosis =
			\| frequency = Rare
			}}
			'''Shoulder presentation''' is a type of [[malpresentation]] in which the [[fetus]] is positioned with its shoulder pointing towards the birth canal. This condition is a form of [[transverse lie]], where the fetus lies horizontally in the uterus rather than the typical [[cephalic presentation]] (head-first) or [[breech presentation]] (buttocks or feet first).
	==Causes==		==Causes==
	Shoulder presentation can be caused by several factors, including:		Shoulder presentation can be caused by several factors, including:
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	* [[Placenta previa]], where the placenta covers the cervix		* [[Placenta previa]], where the placenta covers the cervix
	* Premature labor, where the fetus has not yet assumed the head-down position		* Premature labor, where the fetus has not yet assumed the head-down position

	==Diagnosis==		==Diagnosis==
	Shoulder presentation is typically diagnosed through:		Shoulder presentation is typically diagnosed through:
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	* [[Ultrasound]]: Imaging can confirm the position of the fetus.		* [[Ultrasound]]: Imaging can confirm the position of the fetus.
	* [[Leopold's maneuvers]]: A series of abdominal palpations to determine fetal position.		* [[Leopold's maneuvers]]: A series of abdominal palpations to determine fetal position.

	==Complications==		==Complications==
	Shoulder presentation can lead to several complications, including:		Shoulder presentation can lead to several complications, including:
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	* [[Umbilical cord prolapse]]		* [[Umbilical cord prolapse]]
	* [[Fetal distress]]		* [[Fetal distress]]

	==Management==		==Management==
	Management of shoulder presentation may involve:		Management of shoulder presentation may involve:
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	* Planning for a [[cesarean section]] if the fetus cannot be repositioned.		* Planning for a [[cesarean section]] if the fetus cannot be repositioned.
	* Close monitoring of the pregnancy to manage any arising complications.		* Close monitoring of the pregnancy to manage any arising complications.

	==See also==		==See also==
	* [[Cephalic presentation]]		* [[Cephalic presentation]]
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	* [[External cephalic version]]		* [[External cephalic version]]
	* [[Cesarean section]]		* [[Cesarean section]]

	==References==		==References==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}

	==External links==		==External links==
	{{Commons category\|Shoulder presentation}}		{{Commons category\|Shoulder presentation}}

	[[Category:Obstetrics]]		[[Category:Obstetrics]]
	[[Category:Pregnancy complications]]		[[Category:Pregnancy complications]]
	[[Category:Midwifery]]		[[Category:Midwifery]]

	{{Obstetrics-stub}}		{{Obstetrics-stub}}

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2024-05-22T17:48:08Z

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[[File:Smellie_32.jpg|thumb|Smellie_32.jpg]] '''Shoulder presentation''' is a type of [[malpresentation]] in which the [[fetus]] is positioned with its shoulder pointing towards the birth canal. This condition is a form of [[transverse lie]], where the fetus lies horizontally in the uterus rather than the typical [[cephalic presentation]] (head-first) or [[breech presentation]] (buttocks or feet first).

==Causes==
Shoulder presentation can be caused by several factors, including:
* [[Multiple pregnancy]] (twins or more)
* [[Polyhydramnios]] (excessive amniotic fluid)
* [[Uterine abnormalities]] such as [[fibroids]] or congenital malformations
* [[Placenta previa]], where the placenta covers the cervix
* Premature labor, where the fetus has not yet assumed the head-down position

==Diagnosis==
Shoulder presentation is typically diagnosed through:
* [[Physical examination]]: The healthcare provider may feel the shoulder during a pelvic exam.
* [[Ultrasound]]: Imaging can confirm the position of the fetus.
* [[Leopold's maneuvers]]: A series of abdominal palpations to determine fetal position.

==Complications==
Shoulder presentation can lead to several complications, including:
* [[Obstructed labor]]
* Increased risk of [[cesarean section]]
* [[Umbilical cord prolapse]]
* [[Fetal distress]]

==Management==
Management of shoulder presentation may involve:
* Attempting an [[external cephalic version]] (ECV) to turn the fetus to a head-down position.
* Planning for a [[cesarean section]] if the fetus cannot be repositioned.
* Close monitoring of the pregnancy to manage any arising complications.

==See also==
* [[Cephalic presentation]]
* [[Breech presentation]]
* [[Transverse lie]]
* [[External cephalic version]]
* [[Cesarean section]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Shoulder presentation}}

[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Pregnancy complications]]
[[Category:Midwifery]]

{{Obstetrics-stub}}

Shoulder presentation - Revision history

Prab: CSV import

Prab: CSV import