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			== Sanger_sequencing ==
			<gallery>
			File:Sanger-sequencing.svg\|Sanger sequencing diagram
			File:Sequencing.jpg\|Sequencing machine
			File:DNA_Sequencin_3_labeling_methods.jpg\|DNA sequencing labeling methods
			File:Radioactive_Fluorescent_Seq.jpg\|Radioactive and fluorescent sequencing
			File:CE_Basic.jpg\|Capillary electrophoresis basics
			File:Sanger_sequencing_read_display.png\|Sanger sequencing read display
			</gallery>

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'''Sanger sequencing''', also known as the '''chain termination method''', is a method of [[DNA sequencing]] first commercialized by [[Frederick Sanger]] and his colleagues in 1977. This method is based on the selective incorporation of chain-terminating [[dideoxynucleotides]] by [[DNA polymerase]] during in vitro DNA replication.

== History ==
The Sanger sequencing method was developed in 1977 by two-time [[Nobel laureate]] Frederick Sanger and his colleagues. This method quickly replaced the then-used plus and minus method and became the most widely used DNA sequencing method for the next 40 years.

== Method ==
The Sanger sequencing method involves four separate [[DNA synthesis]] reactions. Each reaction includes a DNA template, a DNA primer, the four deoxyribonucleotide (dNTP) bases, DNA polymerase, and a small amount of one of the four dideoxynucleotide (ddNTP) bases. The ddNTPs cause DNA synthesis to stop, as they lack the 3'-OH group required for the formation of a phosphodiester bond between two nucleotides, causing DNA polymerase to cease extension of DNA.

== Applications ==
Sanger sequencing is used in a wide range of applications, including gene sequencing, mutation detection, and genetic disease diagnosis. It is also used in research for studying genetic disorders, cancer, and infectious diseases.

== Limitations ==
While Sanger sequencing is a reliable and accurate method for DNA sequencing, it has several limitations. These include the inability to sequence very long DNA molecules, the requirement for a large amount of purified DNA, and the relatively high cost and time-consuming nature of the method.

== See also ==
* [[DNA sequencing]]
* [[Frederick Sanger]]
* [[Dideoxynucleotide]]
* [[DNA polymerase]]

[[Category:DNA sequencing]]
[[Category:Genomics]]
[[Category:Molecular biology]]
[[Category:Biotechnology]]

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Sanger sequencing - Revision history

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