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'''Propensity probability''' is a concept in [[probability theory]] that interprets the probability of events not as a measure of the frequency of their occurrence in a long series of trials, nor as the degree of one's belief in the occurrence of the event, but rather as the tendency or disposition of a given type of situation to yield an event of a certain kind. This interpretation is particularly relevant in the context of [[single-case probability]], where it aims to provide a meaningful way to talk about the probability of individual events, as opposed to only discussing probabilities in terms of long-run frequencies or subjective beliefs.

==Overview==
The concept of propensity probability was introduced by philosopher [[Karl Popper]] in the mid-20th century, as part of his work on the philosophy of science. Popper sought to address the limitations of both the [[frequentist probability|frequentist]] and [[Bayesian probability|Bayesian]] interpretations of probability, particularly in the context of scientific experiments and single-case events. According to Popper, the propensity of a setup to produce an outcome can be understood as a physical property of the experimental arrangement, akin to tendencies or dispositions such as brittleness or elasticity.

==Application==
Propensity probability has found application in various fields, including [[quantum mechanics]], where the probabilistic nature of physical phenomena does not easily lend itself to classical interpretations of probability. In quantum mechanics, the propensity interpretation helps to explain the probabilities associated with the outcomes of measurements on quantum systems, viewing these probabilities as reflecting the propensities of the experimental setup.

In [[statistics]] and [[experimental design]], propensity scores are used to adjust for the effects of confounding variables in observational studies, allowing researchers to estimate the effect of a treatment or intervention as if the study were a randomized controlled trial. This use of propensity scores illustrates how the concept of propensity can be operationalized in practical research contexts.

==Criticism==
The propensity interpretation of probability has been subject to criticism. Critics argue that it is difficult to verify or falsify claims about propensities, making the concept less useful for scientific practice. Additionally, the interpretation struggles with the problem of defining propensities for single cases in a way that is both objective and useful for making predictions.

==See Also==
* [[Probability theory]]
* [[Frequentist probability]]
* [[Bayesian probability]]
* [[Quantum mechanics]]
* [[Statistics]]
* [[Experimental design]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Probability theory]]
[[Category:Philosophy of science]]

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Propensity probability - Revision history

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