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	~~'''~~Pragmatics''' is a subfield of [[linguistics]] and [[semiotics]] that studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning. Pragmatics encompasses [[speech act theory]], conversational implicature, talk in interaction and other approaches to language behavior in philosophy, sociology, linguistics and anthropology.		== Pragmatics ==

	~~== Overview ==~~		[[File:Roma_jakobson_theory.png\|thumb\|right\|Roman Jakobson's model of communication, which is foundational in understanding pragmatics.]]
	~~Pragmatics studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on structural and linguistic knowledge (e.g., [~~[~~grammar]],~~ [~~[lexicon]], etc~~.) of ~~the speaker and listener~~, ~~but also on the context of the utterance, any pre-existing knowledge about those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and other factors~~.

	~~== History ==~~		'''Pragmatics''' is a subfield of [[linguistics]] and [[semiotics]] that studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning. Pragmatics encompasses speech act theory, conversational implicature, talk in interaction, and other approaches to language behavior in philosophy, sociology, linguistics, and anthropology.
	~~The ability to understand another speaker~~'~~s intended meaning~~ is ~~called~~ [[~~pragmatic competence~~]]. ~~An utterance describing pragmatic function is described as metapragmatic~~.

	~~== Key Concepts ==~~		Pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). It involves the interpretation of what people mean in a particular context and how the context influences what is said. It requires a consideration of how speakers organize what they want to say in accordance with who they are talking to, where, when, and under what circumstances.
	Pragmatics ~~focuses on~~ the ~~following key concepts:~~

	* [[Deixis]]: Words whose meaning is dependent on the context in ~~which they are used.~~		== Key Concepts in Pragmatics ==
	* [[Implicature]]: An implied meaning that is inferred by the listener.
	* [[Speech act]]: An utterance that has performative function in language and communication.
	* [[Presupposition]]: Assumptions the speaker makes about what the listener already knows.

	== ~~See Also~~ ==		=== Context ===

			Context is crucial in pragmatics. It refers to the situational factors that influence the interpretation of a message. Context can be physical, social, or linguistic. It includes the environment in which communication takes place, the relationship between the participants, and the prior discourse.

			=== Speech Acts ===

			[[Speech acts]] are actions performed via utterances. According to [[John Searle]], speech acts can be categorized into five types: assertives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declarations. Each type serves a different function in communication.

			=== Implicature ===

			[[Implicature]] is a concept introduced by [[H. P. Grice]] to explain how speakers can imply meanings beyond the literal interpretation of their words. Conversational implicatures are derived from the context and the assumption that participants are adhering to the cooperative principle and its maxims.

			=== Deixis ===

			[[Deixis]] refers to words and phrases, such as "this", "that", "here", and "there", which require contextual information to convey meaning. Deictic expressions are used to point to a time, place, or person in the context of the utterance.

			=== Politeness ===

			[[Politeness]] theory, developed by [[Penelope Brown]] and [[Stephen Levinson]], explores how individuals manage face-threatening acts in communication. It examines strategies used to mitigate threats to the listener's self-esteem or "face".

			== Pragmatics and Communication Models ==

			Pragmatics is closely related to models of communication, such as the one proposed by [[Roman Jakobson]]. Jakobson's model includes six functions of language: referential, emotive, conative, phatic, metalingual, and poetic. Each function highlights a different aspect of communication, emphasizing the importance of context and the role of the speaker and listener.

			== Related Pages ==
			* [[Linguistics]]
	* [[Semiotics]]		* [[Semiotics]]
	* [[Linguistics]]
	* [[Speech act theory]]		* [[Speech act theory]]
	* [[~~Conversational implicature~~]]		* [[Implicature]]
			* [[Deixis]]
	~~== References ==~~		* [[Politeness theory]]
	~~<references />~~

	[[Category:Linguistics]]		[[Category:Linguistics]]
	[[Category:~~Semiotics~~]]		[[Category:Pragmatics]]
	~~[[Category:Communication]]~~
	~~{{stub}}~~

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2024-02-24T00:49:38Z

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'''Pragmatics''' is a subfield of [[linguistics]] and [[semiotics]] that studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning. Pragmatics encompasses [[speech act theory]], conversational implicature, talk in interaction and other approaches to language behavior in philosophy, sociology, linguistics and anthropology.

== Overview ==
Pragmatics studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on structural and linguistic knowledge (e.g., [[grammar]], [[lexicon]], etc.) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, any pre-existing knowledge about those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and other factors.

== History ==
The ability to understand another speaker's intended meaning is called [[pragmatic competence]]. An utterance describing pragmatic function is described as metapragmatic.

== Key Concepts ==
Pragmatics focuses on the following key concepts:

* [[Deixis]]: Words whose meaning is dependent on the context in which they are used.
* [[Implicature]]: An implied meaning that is inferred by the listener.
* [[Speech act]]: An utterance that has performative function in language and communication.
* [[Presupposition]]: Assumptions the speaker makes about what the listener already knows.

== See Also ==
* [[Semiotics]]
* [[Linguistics]]
* [[Speech act theory]]
* [[Conversational implicature]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Linguistics]]
[[Category:Semiotics]]
[[Category:Communication]]
{{stub}}

Pragmatics - Revision history

Prab: CSV import

Prab: CSV import