Pigment - Revision history

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	~~{{Short description\|A comprehensive overview of pigments in biological and industrial contexts}}~~		= Pigment =

	~~==Pigments==~~		[[File:Indian_pigments.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Various natural pigments used in India.]]
	[[File:~~Colorful pigments~~.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Various natural ~~and synthetic~~ pigments]]
	~~Pigments are substances that impart color to other materials. They are~~ used in ~~a wide range of applications, from biological processes to industrial products~~. ~~Pigments can be found in [[plants]], [[animals~~]], and [[microorganisms]], and they play crucial roles in processes such as [[photosynthesis]] and [[camouflage]]. In industry, pigments are used in [[paints]], [[inks]], [[plastics]], and [[cosmetics]].

	~~==Biological Pigments==~~		A '''pigment''' is a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption. This physical process differs from [[fluorescence]], [[phosphorescence]], and other forms of [[luminescence]], in which a material emits light. Many materials selectively absorb certain wavelengths of light. Materials that humans have chosen and developed for use as pigments usually have special properties that make them ideal for coloring other materials.
	~~[[File:Chlorophyll molecule.png\|thumb\|left\|Structure of chlorophyll,~~ a ~~key pigment in photosynthesis]]~~
	~~Biological pigments, also known as biochromes, are substances produced by living organisms~~ that ~~have a~~ color ~~resulting from~~ selective ~~color~~ absorption. ~~The most well-known biological pigments are the~~ [[~~chlorophylls~~]], ~~which are essential for photosynthesis in plants~~, ~~algae~~, ~~and cyanobacteria~~. ~~Chlorophyll absorbs~~ light ~~most efficiently in the blue portion of the electromagnetic spectrum~~ as ~~well as the red portion~~.

	~~Other important biological pigments include:~~		== Properties ==

	* '''[[~~Carotenoids]]'''~~: ~~These are yellow, orange, and red pigments found in plants and some animal tissues. They play a role in photosynthesis and protect chlorophyll from photodamage~~.		[[File:Simple_reflectance.svg\|thumb\|left\|Simple reflectance of light from a surface.]]
	* '''[[Melanin]]''': A pigment found in the skin, hair, and eyes of ~~animals, providing protection against UV radiation.~~
	* '''[[Hemoglobin]]''': The red pigment in blood that carries oxygen from ~~the lungs to the rest of the body~~.
	* '''[[Bilirubin]]~~''': A yellow pigment formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.~~

	~~==Industrial~~ Pigments==		The most important physical property of a pigment is its [[color]], which is determined by the specific wavelengths of light it absorbs and reflects. Pigments are used in a variety of applications, including [[paint]], [[ink]], [[plastic]], [[fabric]], [[cosmetics]], and [[food]].
	~~Industrial pigments~~ are used ~~to impart color to~~ a variety of ~~products. They are classified into two main types: organic~~ and ~~inorganic pigments~~.

	* '''Organic pigments''': These are carbon-based molecules that are often derived from [[petroleum]] compounds. They ~~are known for their bright colors and are used~~ in applications ~~where vivid hues are desired~~, ~~such~~ as in ~~[[printing inks]] and [[textiles]]~~.		Pigments must have a high tinting strength relative to the materials they color. They must also be stable in solid form at ambient temperatures. For industrial applications, as well as in the arts, pigments must be stable at high temperatures.

	* '''Inorganic pigments''': These are typically metal oxides or other mineral compounds. They are known for their durability and opacity. Common inorganic pigments include [[titanium dioxide]], used for its whiteness and opacity, and [[iron oxide]], used for its range of ~~earthy colors.~~		== Types of Pigments ==

	==~~Applications of~~ Pigments==		=== Natural Pigments ===
	~~Pigments are used in a variety of applications, including:~~

	* '''[[Paints]]''': Pigments provide color ~~and opacity to paints, which are used~~ for ~~protective~~ and ~~decorative coatings~~.		Natural pigments are derived from mineral, plant, or animal sources. Historically, they were the only source of color for artists and craftsmen. Examples include [[ochre]], [[charcoal]], and [[lapis lazuli]].
	* '''[[~~Plastics~~]]~~''': Pigments are added to plastics to provide color and protect against UV degradation.~~
	* '''[[~~Cosmetics~~]]~~''': Pigments are used in cosmetics to provide color to products such as lipsticks, eyeshadows~~, and ~~foundations.~~
	* '''[[~~Food coloring~~]]~~''': Some pigments are used as food colorants to enhance the appearance of food and beverages~~.

	==~~Environmental~~ and ~~Health Considerations~~==		[[File:Natural_ultramarine_pigment.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Natural ultramarine pigment derived from lapis lazuli.]]
	~~The production and~~ use of pigments ~~can~~ have ~~environmental~~ and ~~health impacts~~. ~~Some~~ pigments ~~contain heavy metals~~, such as ~~lead~~ and ~~cadmium~~, ~~which~~ can ~~be toxic~~. ~~The industry has been moving towards more environmentally friendly~~ and ~~non~~-~~toxic alternatives~~.
			=== Synthetic Pigments ===

			Synthetic pigments are man-made and have been developed to provide a wider range of colors and improved properties. They are often more stable and less expensive than natural pigments.

			[[File:Ultramarinepigment.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Synthetic ultramarine pigment.]]

			== Historical Use ==

			[[File:1665_Girl_with_a_Pearl_Earring.jpg\|thumb\|right\|''Girl with a Pearl Earring'' by [[Johannes Vermeer]], showcasing the use of pigments in art.]]

			Pigments have been used since prehistoric times. Early humans used natural pigments for [[cave paintings]]. In ancient Egypt, pigments were used for [[cosmetics]] and [[art]]. During the [[Renaissance]], artists like [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and [[Michelangelo]] used pigments to create masterpieces.

			[[File:Johannes_Vermeer_-_Het_melkmeisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg\|thumb\|left\|''The Milkmaid'' by [[Johannes Vermeer]].]]

			== Modern Applications ==

			Today, pigments are used in a wide range of applications beyond art, including [[industrial coatings]], [[plastics]], and [[cosmetics]]. Advances in [[chemistry]] have led to the development of pigments with specific properties, such as [[UV resistance]] and [[antimicrobial]] properties.

			[[File:Copper_phthalocyanine.svg\|thumb\|right\|Structure of copper phthalocyanine, a synthetic pigment.]]

			== Pigments in Art ==

			[[File:Tizian_041.jpg\|thumb\|left\|''Assumption of the Virgin'' by [[Titian]], illustrating the use of vibrant pigments.]]

			Artists have long relied on pigments to create visual effects in their work. The choice of pigment can affect the [[texture]], [[opacity]], and [[gloss]] of a painting. Some famous pigments include [[cobalt blue]], [[cadmium red]], and [[titanium white]].

			[[File:Accademia_-_Miracle_of_the_Slave_by_Tintoretto.jpg\|thumb\|right\|''Miracle of the Slave'' by [[Tintoretto]].]]

			== Related Pages ==

	~~==Related pages==~~
	* [[Dye]]		* [[Dye]]
			* [[Paint]]
	* [[Color theory]]		* [[Color theory]]
	* [[~~Photosynthesis]]~~		* [[Art conservation]]
	* [[Camouflage]]

			[[Category:Color]]
			[[Category:Materials]]
	[[Category:Pigments]]		[[Category:Pigments]]
	~~[[Category:Color]]~~
	~~[[Category:Materials science]]~~

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	~~'''Pigment''' is a material that changes the color~~ of ~~reflected or transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption. This physical process differs from fluorescence, phosphorescence, and other forms of luminescence,~~ in ~~which a material emits light. Most materials selectively absorb certain wavelengths of light. Materials that humans have chosen~~ and developed for use as pigments usually have special properties that make them useful for coloring other materials. A pigment must have a high tinting strength relative to the materials it colors. It must be stable in solid form at ambient temperatures.		{{Short description\|A comprehensive overview of pigments in biological and industrial contexts}}

	~~For industrial~~ applications, ~~as well as~~ in ~~the arts~~, ~~permanence~~ and ~~stability are desirable properties~~. ~~Pigments that~~ are ~~not permanent are called fugitive. Fugitive pigments fade over time~~, ~~or with exposure to light~~, ~~while some eventually blacken~~.		==Pigments==
			[[File:Colorful pigments.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Various natural and synthetic pigments]]
			Pigments are substances that impart color to other materials. They are used in a wide range of applications, from biological processes to industrial products. Pigments can be found in [[plants]], [[animals]], and [[microorganisms]], and they play crucial roles in processes such as [[photosynthesis]] and [[camouflage]]. In industry, pigments are used in [[paints]], [[inks]], [[plastics]], and [[cosmetics]].

	Pigments ~~are used for coloring paint~~, ~~ink~~, ~~plastic~~, ~~fabric~~, ~~cosmetics~~, ~~food~~, and ~~other materials~~. ~~Most pigments used~~ in ~~manufacturing and~~ the ~~visual arts are dry colorants, usually ground into a fine powder. This powder is added to a binder (or vehicle), a relatively neutral or colorless material that suspends~~ the ~~pigment and gives~~ the ~~paint its adhesion~~.		==Biological Pigments==
			[[File:Chlorophyll molecule.png\|thumb\|left\|Structure of chlorophyll, a key pigment in photosynthesis]]
			Biological pigments, also known as biochromes, are substances produced by living organisms that have a color resulting from selective color absorption. The most well-known biological pigments are the [[chlorophylls]], which are essential for photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Chlorophyll absorbs light most efficiently in the blue portion of the electromagnetic spectrum as well as the red portion.

	A distinction is usually made between a pigment, which is insoluble in its vehicle (resulting in a suspension), and a dye, which either is itself a liquid or is soluble in its vehicle (resulting in a solution). A colorant can act as either a pigment or a dye depending on the vehicle involved. In some cases, a pigment can be manufactured from a dye by precipitating a soluble dye with a metallic salt. The resulting pigment is called a lake pigment. The term biological ~~pigment is used for all colored substances independent of their solubility.~~		Other important biological pigments include:

	~~In 2006~~, ~~around 7~~.~~4 million tons of inorganic~~, ~~organic~~, and ~~special pigments were marketed worldwide~~. ~~Asia has~~ the ~~highest rate on a quantity basis followed~~ by ~~Europe and North America~~.		* '''[[Carotenoids]]''': These are yellow, orange, and red pigments found in plants and some animal tissues. They play a role in photosynthesis and protect chlorophyll from photodamage.
			* '''[[Melanin]]''': A pigment found in the skin, hair, and eyes of animals, providing protection against UV radiation.
			* '''[[Hemoglobin]]''': The red pigment in blood that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.
			* '''[[Bilirubin]]''': A yellow pigment formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver.

	== ~~Types~~ of pigments ==		==Industrial Pigments==
			Industrial pigments are used to impart color to a variety of products. They are classified into two main types: organic and inorganic pigments.

	~~=== Inorganic~~ pigments ~~===~~		* '''Organic pigments''': These are carbon-based molecules that are often derived from [[petroleum]] compounds. They are known for their bright colors and are used in applications where vivid hues are desired, such as in [[printing inks]] and [[textiles]].

	[[Inorganic pigments~~]] are pigments which~~ are ~~created by simple chemical reactions such as oxidation~~. They are ~~usually more resistant to light~~ and ~~heat than organic~~ pigments, and ~~are often used in paints~~, ~~plastics~~, ~~and ceramics~~.		* '''Inorganic pigments''': These are typically metal oxides or other mineral compounds. They are known for their durability and opacity. Common inorganic pigments include [[titanium dioxide]], used for its whiteness and opacity, and [[iron oxide]], used for its range of earthy colors.

	==~~= Organic pigments =~~==		==Applications of Pigments==
			Pigments are used in a variety of applications, including:

	[[~~Organic pigments~~]] are ~~pigments which~~ are ~~created by complex chemical reactions involving carbon~~. ~~They~~ are ~~usually less resistant~~ to ~~light~~ and ~~heat than inorganic~~ pigments~~, but offer a wider range~~ of ~~colors~~.		* '''[[Paints]]''': Pigments provide color and opacity to paints, which are used for protective and decorative coatings.
			* '''[[Plastics]]''': Pigments are added to plastics to provide color and protect against UV degradation.
			* '''[[Cosmetics]]''': Pigments are used in cosmetics to provide color to products such as lipsticks, eyeshadows, and foundations.
			* '''[[Food coloring]]''': Some pigments are used as food colorants to enhance the appearance of food and beverages.

	=== ~~Biological~~ pigments ~~===~~		==Environmental and Health Considerations==
			The production and use of pigments can have environmental and health impacts. Some pigments contain heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, which can be toxic. The industry has been moving towards more environmentally friendly and non-toxic alternatives.

	~~[[Biological pigments]] are substances produced by living organisms that have a color resulting from selective color absorption. Biological pigments include plant pigments and flower pigments.~~		==Related pages==

	== ~~See also~~ ==

	* [[Color]]
	* [[Dye]]		* [[Dye]]
	* [[~~Paint~~]]		* [[Color theory]]
	* [[~~Ink~~]]		* [[Photosynthesis]]
	* [[~~Plastic]]~~		* [[Camouflage]]
	* [[Fabric]]
	* [[Cosmetics]]
	* [[Food coloring]]

	[[Category:Pigments]]		[[Category:Pigments]]
	[[Category:Color]]		[[Category:Color]]
	[[Category:Materials science]]		[[Category:Materials science]]
	~~[[Category:Art materials]]~~

	~~{{stub}}~~
	~~<gallery>~~
	~~File:Indian_pigments.jpg\|Pigment~~
	~~File:Simple_reflectance.svg\|Pigment~~
	~~File:Complex_reflectance.svg\|Pigment~~
	~~File:1665_Girl_with_a_Pearl_Earring.jpg\|Pigment~~
	~~File:Johannes_Vermeer_-_Het_melkmeisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg\|Pigment~~
	~~File:Tizian_041.jpg\|Pigment~~
	~~File:Accademia_-_Miracle_of_the_Slave_by_Tintoretto.jpg\|Pigment~~
	~~File:Paul_Cézanne_160.jpg\|Pigment~~
	~~File:Natural_ultramarine_pigment.jpg\|Pigment~~
	~~File:Ultramarinepigment.jpg\|Pigment~~
	~~File:Copper_phthalocyanine.svg\|Pigment~~
	~~</gallery>~~

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	{{stub}}		{{stub}}
			<gallery>
			File:Indian_pigments.jpg\|Pigment
			File:Simple_reflectance.svg\|Pigment
			File:Complex_reflectance.svg\|Pigment
			File:1665_Girl_with_a_Pearl_Earring.jpg\|Pigment
			File:Johannes_Vermeer_-_Het_melkmeisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg\|Pigment
			File:Tizian_041.jpg\|Pigment
			File:Accademia_-_Miracle_of_the_Slave_by_Tintoretto.jpg\|Pigment
			File:Paul_Cézanne_160.jpg\|Pigment
			File:Natural_ultramarine_pigment.jpg\|Pigment
			File:Ultramarinepigment.jpg\|Pigment
			File:Copper_phthalocyanine.svg\|Pigment
			</gallery>

Prab: CSV import

2024-02-23T23:05:21Z

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New page

'''Pigment''' is a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption. This physical process differs from fluorescence, phosphorescence, and other forms of luminescence, in which a material emits light. Most materials selectively absorb certain wavelengths of light. Materials that humans have chosen and developed for use as pigments usually have special properties that make them useful for coloring other materials. A pigment must have a high tinting strength relative to the materials it colors. It must be stable in solid form at ambient temperatures.

For industrial applications, as well as in the arts, permanence and stability are desirable properties. Pigments that are not permanent are called fugitive. Fugitive pigments fade over time, or with exposure to light, while some eventually blacken.

Pigments are used for coloring paint, ink, plastic, fabric, cosmetics, food, and other materials. Most pigments used in manufacturing and the visual arts are dry colorants, usually ground into a fine powder. This powder is added to a binder (or vehicle), a relatively neutral or colorless material that suspends the pigment and gives the paint its adhesion.

A distinction is usually made between a pigment, which is insoluble in its vehicle (resulting in a suspension), and a dye, which either is itself a liquid or is soluble in its vehicle (resulting in a solution). A colorant can act as either a pigment or a dye depending on the vehicle involved. In some cases, a pigment can be manufactured from a dye by precipitating a soluble dye with a metallic salt. The resulting pigment is called a lake pigment. The term biological pigment is used for all colored substances independent of their solubility.

In 2006, around 7.4 million tons of inorganic, organic, and special pigments were marketed worldwide. Asia has the highest rate on a quantity basis followed by Europe and North America.

== Types of pigments ==

=== Inorganic pigments ===

[[Inorganic pigments]] are pigments which are created by simple chemical reactions such as oxidation. They are usually more resistant to light and heat than organic pigments, and are often used in paints, plastics, and ceramics.

=== Organic pigments ===

[[Organic pigments]] are pigments which are created by complex chemical reactions involving carbon. They are usually less resistant to light and heat than inorganic pigments, but offer a wider range of colors.

=== Biological pigments ===

[[Biological pigments]] are substances produced by living organisms that have a color resulting from selective color absorption. Biological pigments include plant pigments and flower pigments.

== See also ==

* [[Color]]
* [[Dye]]
* [[Paint]]
* [[Ink]]
* [[Plastic]]
* [[Fabric]]
* [[Cosmetics]]
* [[Food coloring]]

[[Category:Pigments]]
[[Category:Color]]
[[Category:Materials science]]
[[Category:Art materials]]

{{stub}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:18, 18 February 2025
Line 40:		Line 40:

	{{stub}}		{{stub}}
			<gallery>
			File:Indian_pigments.jpg\|Pigment
			File:Simple_reflectance.svg\|Pigment
			File:Complex_reflectance.svg\|Pigment
			File:1665_Girl_with_a_Pearl_Earring.jpg\|Pigment
			File:Johannes_Vermeer_-_Het_melkmeisje_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg\|Pigment
			File:Tizian_041.jpg\|Pigment
			File:Accademia_-_Miracle_of_the_Slave_by_Tintoretto.jpg\|Pigment
			File:Paul_Cézanne_160.jpg\|Pigment
			File:Natural_ultramarine_pigment.jpg\|Pigment
			File:Ultramarinepigment.jpg\|Pigment
			File:Copper_phthalocyanine.svg\|Pigment
			</gallery>