Philippa Foot - Revision history

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	[[File:Philippa_Foot_1939.jpg\|Philippa Foot 1939\|thumb]] '''Philippa Foot''' (1920–2010) was a British philosopher, most renowned for her works in ethics and moral philosophy. She was a significant figure in the 20th-century analytic philosophy, contributing extensively to the debates on moral theory. Foot is best known for her critique of consequentialism and her defense of virtue ethics, drawing heavily from the works of Aristotle. Her approach to ethical theory was markedly distinct from the then-dominant trends, emphasizing the role of virtues and the importance of moral judgments grounded in human life and practices.

	==~~Biography~~==		{{Infobox person
	~~Philippa Ruth Foot was born on October~~ 3~~, 1920, in~~ Owston Ferry, Lincolnshire, England~~. She was educated at Somerville College, Oxford, where she read Philosophy, Politics,~~ and ~~Economics (PPE). Foot's academic career was largely associated with the University of~~ Oxford ~~and later with the University of California~~, ~~Los Angeles (UCLA). Among her most influential teachers and colleagues were Elizabeth Anscombe and Iris Murdoch~~, ~~with whom she shared deep intellectual engagements.~~		\| name = Philippa Foot
			\| image = <!-- Image removed -->
			\| alt =
			\| caption =
			\| birth_date = {{Birth date\|1911\|10\|3}}
			\| birth_place = [[Owston Ferry]], [[Lincolnshire]], [[England]]
			\| death_date = {{Death date and age\|2010\|10\|3\|1911\|10\|3}}
			\| death_place = [[Oxford]], [[England]]
			\| nationality = [[British]]
			\| occupation = [[Philosopher]]
			\| known_for = [[Virtue ethics]], [[Trolley problem]]
			}}

	~~==Philosophical Work==~~		'''Philippa Ruth Foot''' (3 October 1911 – 3 October 2010) was a [[British]] [[philosopher]] known for her works in [[ethics]] and [[moral philosophy]]. She was a prominent figure in the development of [[virtue ethics]] and is best known for introducing the [[trolley problem]], a thought experiment in [[moral philosophy]].
	Foot'~~s philosophical work spans several key areas within~~ moral philosophy~~, including~~ the ~~nature~~ of ethics~~, moral judgments,~~ and the ~~critique of~~ moral ~~relativism. However, she is most celebrated for her contributions to virtue ethics and her criticism of consequentialist and deontological theories~~.

	==~~=Virtue Ethics=~~==		== Early Life and Education ==
	Foot was ~~instrumental in reviving interest~~ in [[~~Aristotelian ethics~~]] ~~and virtue ethics in~~ the ~~late 20th century. Her book ''Virtues and Vices'' (1978) is a collection~~ of ~~essays that explores various moral concepts and virtues~~, ~~arguing for~~ the ~~centrality~~ of ~~virtues in a well-lived life~~. Foot ~~challenged the prevalent moral theories of her time by insisting that ethical life is rooted in the human condition~~, ~~our natural inclinations~~, and ~~the social context of our lives~~.		Philippa Foot was born in [[Owston Ferry]], [[Lincolnshire]], [[England]]. She was the daughter of Esther Cleveland, the daughter of [[U.S. President]] [[Grover Cleveland]], and Captain William Sidney Bence Bosanquet. Foot was educated at [[Somerville College]], [[Oxford]], where she studied [[philosophy]], [[politics]], and [[economics]].

	==~~=Critique of Consequentialism=~~==		== Academic Career ==
	Foot ~~is well-known for~~ her ~~critique of consequentialism, particularly utilitarianism. She argued that consequentialist theories fail to account for the moral integrity of individuals~~, ~~reducing moral decisions to calculations~~ of ~~outcomes~~. Her ~~famous thought experiment~~, ~~the "Trolley Problem~~,~~" illustrates the ethical dilemmas and intuitions~~ that ~~consequentialist theories struggle~~ to ~~address adequately~~.		Foot began her academic career at [[Oxford University]], where she became a fellow of Somerville College. Her work focused on [[ethics]], and she was instrumental in reviving interest in [[virtue ethics]], a tradition that dates back to [[Aristotle]].

	==~~=Natural Goodness=~~==		== Contributions to Philosophy ==
	In her ~~later work~~, ~~''Natural Goodness'' (2001), Foot further developed~~ her ~~ideas on~~ virtue ethics ~~by introducing the concept of "natural goodness~~." She argued that ~~judgments of~~ moral ~~goodness~~ are grounded in the life form of a species, drawing parallels between the evaluation of human actions and the assessment of the characteristics and behaviors of other living organisms. This approach marked a significant departure from the dominant moral theories, emphasizing the importance of human nature ~~and the virtues essential for human flourishing~~.		Foot's contributions to [[moral philosophy]] include her critique of [[consequentialism]] and [[deontology]], and her development of [[virtue ethics]]. She argued that [[moral virtues]] are essential to human life and that they are grounded in human nature.

	==~~Legacy~~==		=== The Trolley Problem ===
	~~Philippa~~ Foot~~'s contributions to moral philosophy have had~~ a ~~lasting impact on~~ the ~~field. Her revival of virtue ethics and her innovative approaches to~~ ethical ~~theory have influenced a wide range of contemporary philosophers. Foot's work continues to be a central point~~ of ~~reference in discussions on moral judgment,~~ the ~~nature~~ of ~~virtues,~~ and ~~the critique of modern~~ moral ~~theories~~.		Foot is perhaps best known for the [[trolley problem]], a thought experiment that explores the ethical implications of making decisions that affect the lives of others. The problem has been widely discussed and has inspired numerous variations and discussions in [[moral philosophy]].

	==~~Selected Works~~==		== Legacy ==
	* '~~'Virtues~~ and ~~Vices'' (1978)~~		Philippa Foot's work has had a lasting impact on the field of [[ethics]] and continues to influence contemporary discussions in [[moral philosophy]]. Her emphasis on the importance of [[virtue]] and her critique of [[utilitarianism]] and [[Kantian ethics]] have made her a central figure in modern [[ethical theory]].
	* ''Natural Goodness'' (2001)

	==See Also==		== See Also ==
	* [[Virtue ethics]]		* [[Virtue ethics]]
	* [[~~Aristotle]]~~		* [[Trolley problem]]
	* [[Ethics]]
	* [[Moral philosophy]]		* [[Moral philosophy]]
			* [[Consequentialism]]
			* [[Deontology]]

	[[Category:~~Philosophers~~]]		== References ==
			* [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] entry on Philippa Foot
			* [[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]

			== External Links ==
			* [Philippa Foot at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philippa-foot/)
			* [Philippa Foot at the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy](https://iep.utm.edu/foot/)

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Foot, Philippa}}
			[[Category:1911 births]]
			[[Category:2010 deaths]]
	[[Category:British philosophers]]		[[Category:British philosophers]]
	[[Category:~~20th-century philosophers~~]]		[[Category:Ethicists]]
	[[Category:~~Ethics~~]]		[[Category:Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford]]
	~~{{Philosophy-stub}}~~		[[Category:Virtue ethicists]]
			[[Category:Moral philosophers]]

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[[File:Philippa_Foot_1939.jpg|Philippa Foot 1939|thumb]] '''Philippa Foot''' (1920–2010) was a British philosopher, most renowned for her works in ethics and moral philosophy. She was a significant figure in the 20th-century analytic philosophy, contributing extensively to the debates on moral theory. Foot is best known for her critique of consequentialism and her defense of virtue ethics, drawing heavily from the works of Aristotle. Her approach to ethical theory was markedly distinct from the then-dominant trends, emphasizing the role of virtues and the importance of moral judgments grounded in human life and practices.

==Biography==
Philippa Ruth Foot was born on October 3, 1920, in Owston Ferry, Lincolnshire, England. She was educated at Somerville College, Oxford, where she read Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (PPE). Foot's academic career was largely associated with the University of Oxford and later with the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Among her most influential teachers and colleagues were Elizabeth Anscombe and Iris Murdoch, with whom she shared deep intellectual engagements.

==Philosophical Work==
Foot's philosophical work spans several key areas within moral philosophy, including the nature of ethics, moral judgments, and the critique of moral relativism. However, she is most celebrated for her contributions to virtue ethics and her criticism of consequentialist and deontological theories.

===Virtue Ethics===
Foot was instrumental in reviving interest in [[Aristotelian ethics]] and virtue ethics in the late 20th century. Her book ''Virtues and Vices'' (1978) is a collection of essays that explores various moral concepts and virtues, arguing for the centrality of virtues in a well-lived life. Foot challenged the prevalent moral theories of her time by insisting that ethical life is rooted in the human condition, our natural inclinations, and the social context of our lives.

===Critique of Consequentialism===
Foot is well-known for her critique of consequentialism, particularly utilitarianism. She argued that consequentialist theories fail to account for the moral integrity of individuals, reducing moral decisions to calculations of outcomes. Her famous thought experiment, the "Trolley Problem," illustrates the ethical dilemmas and intuitions that consequentialist theories struggle to address adequately.

===Natural Goodness===
In her later work, ''Natural Goodness'' (2001), Foot further developed her ideas on virtue ethics by introducing the concept of "natural goodness." She argued that judgments of moral goodness are grounded in the life form of a species, drawing parallels between the evaluation of human actions and the assessment of the characteristics and behaviors of other living organisms. This approach marked a significant departure from the dominant moral theories, emphasizing the importance of human nature and the virtues essential for human flourishing.

==Legacy==
Philippa Foot's contributions to moral philosophy have had a lasting impact on the field. Her revival of virtue ethics and her innovative approaches to ethical theory have influenced a wide range of contemporary philosophers. Foot's work continues to be a central point of reference in discussions on moral judgment, the nature of virtues, and the critique of modern moral theories.

==Selected Works==
* ''Virtues and Vices'' (1978)
* ''Natural Goodness'' (2001)

==See Also==
* [[Virtue ethics]]
* [[Aristotle]]
* [[Ethics]]
* [[Moral philosophy]]

[[Category:Philosophers]]
[[Category:British philosophers]]
[[Category:20th-century philosophers]]
[[Category:Ethics]]
{{Philosophy-stub}}