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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>[[File:Phenacetin.png|thumb|{{PAGENAME}}]]<br>'''Phenacetin''' is a [[painkiller]] and [[fever reducer]] that was widely used in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was one of the first non-opioid analgesics to be discovered and was a key ingredient in many popular over-the-counter drug formulations. However, due to its association with serious health problems, including [[cancer]] and [[kidney disease]], it has been largely phased out and is no longer commercially available in many countries.<br />
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== History ==<br />
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Phenacetin was first synthesized in 1878 by the German chemist [[Harmon Northrop Morse]]. It was initially marketed as a treatment for [[fever]] and [[pain]], and was included in a number of popular drug mixtures, including the headache remedy "Bayer's 'Phenacetin-Koffein'". However, by the mid-20th century, evidence began to emerge linking phenacetin to serious health problems, leading to its gradual withdrawal from the market.<br />
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== Pharmacology ==<br />
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Phenacetin is a [[prodrug]] that is metabolized in the body to [[paracetamol]], which is the active compound that exerts the analgesic and antipyretic effects. The metabolism of phenacetin occurs primarily in the [[liver]], involving two main enzymatic pathways: [[N-deethylation]] to paracetamol and [[O-deethylation]] to [[phenetidine]].<br />
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== Health effects ==<br />
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Long-term use of phenacetin is associated with serious health problems. It has been linked to [[methemoglobinemia]], a blood disorder that reduces the ability of red blood cells to release oxygen to tissues, and [[nephropathy]], a form of kidney disease. Phenacetin is also a known [[carcinogen]], and its use has been linked to an increased risk of developing [[bladder cancer]] and [[renal pelvis cancer]].<br />
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== Legal status ==<br />
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Due to its health risks, phenacetin has been banned in many countries. In the United States, the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) banned the sale of phenacetin in 1983, citing its carcinogenicity and the risk of kidney damage. In the United Kingdom, the [[Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency]] (MHRA) withdrew phenacetin from the market in 1968.<br />
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== See also ==<br />
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* [[Analgesic]]<br />
* [[Paracetamol]]<br />
* [[Prodrug]]<br />
* [[Nephropathy]]<br />
* [[Carcinogen]]<br />
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[[Category:Analgesics]]<br />
[[Category:Antipyretics]]<br />
[[Category:Prodrugs]]<br />
[[Category:Carcinogens]]<br />
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