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	~~'''Pharmacokinetics''' (from Ancient Greek pharmakon "drug" and kinetikos "moving, putting in motion"; see [[chemical kinetics]]), sometimes abbreviated as PK, is a branch~~ of ~~[[pharmacology]] dedicated to determine the fate of substances administered to a living organism. The substances of interest include any chemical xenobiotic such as: [[pharmaceutical~~ drugs~~]], [[pesticides]], [[food additives]], [[cosmetics]], etc. It attempts to discover the fate of a drug from the moment that it is administered up to the point at which it is completely eliminated from~~ the body. Pharmacokinetics is the study of how an organism affects a drug, whereas [[pharmacodynamics]] (PD) is the study of how the drug affects the organism. Both together influence dosing, benefit, and adverse effects.		{{Short description\|Study of how drugs move through the body}}

	~~== Principles~~ of pharmacokinetics ==		[[File:Linear_PK_Example.png\|thumb\|right\|Example of linear pharmacokinetics]]

	Pharmacokinetics is ~~divided into several areas including~~, ~~but not limited~~ to:		'''Pharmacokinetics''' is a branch of [[pharmacology]] dedicated to determining the fate of substances administered to a living organism. The substances of interest include any chemical [[xenobiotic]] such as pharmaceutical drugs, pesticides, food additives, cosmetics, etc. It attempts to explain what the body does to a drug, through the processes of [[absorption]], [[distribution (pharmacology)\|distribution]], [[metabolism]], and [[excretion]] (ADME).

	* [[~~Absorption (pharmacokinetics)\|Absorption~~]] ~~- the process of a substance entering the blood circulation.~~		==Overview==
	* [[~~Distribution~~ (~~pharmacokinetics~~)\|~~Distribution~~]] ~~- the dispersion or dissemination of substances throughout the fluids and tissues of the body.~~		Pharmacokinetics describes how the body affects a specific chemical after administration. It is concerned with the movement of drug into, through, and out of the body. The four main parameters generally examined in pharmacokinetics are [[absorption]], [[distribution (pharmacology)\|distribution]], [[metabolism]], and [[excretion]], collectively known as ADME.
	* [[~~Metabolism~~]] ~~- the recognition by the organism that a foreign substance is present~~ and ~~the irreversible transformation of parent compounds into daughter metabolites.~~
	* [[~~Excretion~~]] ~~- the removal of the substances from the body. In rare cases~~, ~~some drugs irreversibly accumulate in body tissue~~.

	~~The four principles~~ of ~~pharmacokinetics are often graphically depicted by the so-called "ADME scheme"~~. ~~Each principle~~ is ~~described~~ by the rate of the ~~respective process~~, and ~~these rates are influenced by~~ the ~~physicochemical properties~~ of the ~~drug~~.		==Absorption==
			[[File:Pill_box_with_pills.JPG\|thumb\|left\|Oral administration of drugs is a common route of absorption.]]
			Absorption is the process by which a drug enters the bloodstream. The rate and extent of drug absorption depend on the route of administration, the drug's formulation, and the presence of food or other substances in the gastrointestinal tract. Common routes of administration include oral, intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous.

	== ~~See also~~ ==		==Distribution==
			Once absorbed, the drug is distributed throughout the body. Distribution is influenced by factors such as blood flow, tissue permeability, and the binding of the drug to plasma proteins. The volume of distribution is a key parameter that describes the extent to which a drug is distributed in body tissues.

	* [[~~Bioavailability~~]]		==Metabolism==
	* [[~~Bioequivalence~~]]		Metabolism refers to the chemical alteration of the drug in the body, primarily by the liver. The liver's [[cytochrome P450]] enzyme system plays a significant role in drug metabolism, converting lipophilic compounds into more water-soluble metabolites for excretion.
	* [[Pharmacogenetics]]
	* [[Pharmacogenomics]]		==Excretion==
	* [[~~Pharmacology~~]]		Excretion is the process of eliminating the drug from the body, primarily through the kidneys in urine, but also through bile, sweat, saliva, and breast milk. The rate of excretion is a critical factor in determining the drug's half-life and dosing frequency.
	* [[Toxicokinetics]]
			==Pharmacokinetic Models==
			Pharmacokinetic models are mathematical models that describe the time course of drug concentrations in the body. These models can be classified as either compartmental or non-compartmental.

			===Compartmental Models===
			[[File:Farmacocinética_lineal.svg\|thumb\|right\|Linear pharmacokinetics]]
			Compartmental models assume that the body is divided into compartments where the drug is uniformly distributed. The simplest model is the one-compartment model, where the body is viewed as a single, homogeneous compartment. More complex models, such as the two-compartment model, consider the central and peripheral compartments.

			===Non-Compartmental Models===
			Non-compartmental analysis does not assume any specific compartmental model but uses statistical moment theory to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters. This approach is often used when the compartmental model is not clear or when a simpler analysis is desired.

			==Linear and Non-linear Pharmacokinetics==
			[[File:Farmacocinética_no_lineal.svg\|thumb\|left\|Non-linear pharmacokinetics]]
			In linear pharmacokinetics, the drug concentration in the body is directly proportional to the dose administered. This means that doubling the dose will double the concentration. In contrast, non-linear pharmacokinetics occurs when the drug concentration does not change proportionally with the dose, often due to saturation of metabolic pathways or transport mechanisms.

	== ~~References~~ ==		==Applications==
			Pharmacokinetics is crucial in the development of new drugs, determining appropriate dosing regimens, and understanding drug interactions. It helps in predicting the onset, duration, and intensity of a drug's effect, as well as its potential toxicity.

	~~<references />~~		==Related pages==
			* [[Pharmacodynamics]]
			* [[Toxicokinetics]]
			* [[Bioavailability]]
			* [[Therapeutic drug monitoring]]

	[[Category:Pharmacokinetics]]		[[Category:Pharmacokinetics]]
	~~[[Category:Pharmacodynamics]]~~
	~~[[Category:Pharmacology]]~~
	~~[[Category:Medical terminology]]~~

	~~{{stub}}~~
	~~{{dictionary-stub1}}~~
	~~<gallery>~~
	~~File:Linear_PK_Example.png\|Pharmacokinetics~~
	~~File:Farmacocinética_lineal.svg\|Linear pharmacokinetics~~
	~~File:Farmacocinética_no_lineal.svg\|Non-linear pharmacokinetics~~
	~~File:Iv_time_conc_curve.svg\|IV time concentration curve~~
	~~File:Pill_box_with_pills.JPG\|Pharmacokinetics~~
	~~</gallery>~~
	~~<gallery>~~
	~~File:Linear PK Example.png\|Pharmacokinetics~~
	~~File:Farmacocinética lineal.svg\|Pharmacokinetics~~
	~~File:Farmacocinética no lineal.svg\|Pharmacokinetics~~
	~~File:Iv time conc curve.svg\|Pharmacokinetics~~
	~~File:Pill box with pills.JPG\|Pharmacokinetics~~
	~~</gallery>~~

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	File:Iv_time_conc_curve.svg\|IV time concentration curve		File:Iv_time_conc_curve.svg\|IV time concentration curve
	File:Pill_box_with_pills.JPG\|Pharmacokinetics		File:Pill_box_with_pills.JPG\|Pharmacokinetics
			</gallery>
			<gallery>
			File:Linear PK Example.png\|Pharmacokinetics
			File:Farmacocinética lineal.svg\|Pharmacokinetics
			File:Farmacocinética no lineal.svg\|Pharmacokinetics
			File:Iv time conc curve.svg\|Pharmacokinetics
			File:Pill box with pills.JPG\|Pharmacokinetics
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	{{stub}}		{{stub}}
	{{dictionary-stub1}}		{{dictionary-stub1}}
			<gallery>
			File:Linear_PK_Example.png\|Pharmacokinetics
			File:Farmacocinética_lineal.svg\|Linear pharmacokinetics
			File:Farmacocinética_no_lineal.svg\|Non-linear pharmacokinetics
			File:Iv_time_conc_curve.svg\|IV time concentration curve
			File:Pill_box_with_pills.JPG\|Pharmacokinetics
			</gallery>

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New page

'''Pharmacokinetics''' (from Ancient Greek pharmakon "drug" and kinetikos "moving, putting in motion"; see [[chemical kinetics]]), sometimes abbreviated as PK, is a branch of [[pharmacology]] dedicated to determine the fate of substances administered to a living organism. The substances of interest include any chemical xenobiotic such as: [[pharmaceutical drugs]], [[pesticides]], [[food additives]], [[cosmetics]], etc. It attempts to discover the fate of a drug from the moment that it is administered up to the point at which it is completely eliminated from the body. Pharmacokinetics is the study of how an organism affects a drug, whereas [[pharmacodynamics]] (PD) is the study of how the drug affects the organism. Both together influence dosing, benefit, and adverse effects.

== Principles of pharmacokinetics ==

Pharmacokinetics is divided into several areas including, but not limited to:

* [[Absorption (pharmacokinetics)|Absorption]] - the process of a substance entering the blood circulation.
* [[Distribution (pharmacokinetics)|Distribution]] - the dispersion or dissemination of substances throughout the fluids and tissues of the body.
* [[Metabolism]] - the recognition by the organism that a foreign substance is present and the irreversible transformation of parent compounds into daughter metabolites.
* [[Excretion]] - the removal of the substances from the body. In rare cases, some drugs irreversibly accumulate in body tissue.

The four principles of pharmacokinetics are often graphically depicted by the so-called "ADME scheme". Each principle is described by the rate of the respective process, and these rates are influenced by the physicochemical properties of the drug.

== See also ==

* [[Bioavailability]]
* [[Bioequivalence]]
* [[Pharmacogenetics]]
* [[Pharmacogenomics]]
* [[Pharmacology]]
* [[Toxicokinetics]]

== References ==

<references />

[[Category:Pharmacokinetics]]
[[Category:Pharmacodynamics]]
[[Category:Pharmacology]]
[[Category:Medical terminology]]

{{stub}}
{{dictionary-stub1}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:19, 20 February 2025
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	File:Iv_time_conc_curve.svg\|IV time concentration curve		File:Iv_time_conc_curve.svg\|IV time concentration curve
	File:Pill_box_with_pills.JPG\|Pharmacokinetics		File:Pill_box_with_pills.JPG\|Pharmacokinetics
			</gallery>
			<gallery>
			File:Linear PK Example.png\|Pharmacokinetics
			File:Farmacocinética lineal.svg\|Pharmacokinetics
			File:Farmacocinética no lineal.svg\|Pharmacokinetics
			File:Iv time conc curve.svg\|Pharmacokinetics
			File:Pill box with pills.JPG\|Pharmacokinetics
	</gallery>		</gallery>

Pharmacokinetics - Revision history

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