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	== ~~Edema~~: ~~Accumulation~~ of ~~Fluid in~~ the ~~Extremities~~ ==		{{SI}}
			{{Infobox medical condition
			\| name = Peripheral edema
			\| image = [[File:Combinpedal.jpg\|250px]]
			\| caption = Swelling of the lower legs due to peripheral edema
			\| field = [[Cardiology]], [[Nephrology]], [[Vascular medicine]]
			\| synonyms = [[Peripheral oedema]], [[leg swelling]]
			\| symptoms = Swelling of the [[lower limbs]], [[ankles]], and [[feet]]
			\| complications = [[Skin ulcer]], [[infection]], [[pain]]
			\| onset = Gradual
			\| duration = Variable
			\| causes = [[Heart failure]], [[kidney disease]], [[liver cirrhosis]], [[venous insufficiency]], [[lymphatic obstruction]]
			\| risks = [[Obesity]], [[pregnancy]], [[prolonged standing]], [[sedentary lifestyle]]
			\| diagnosis = [[Physical examination]], [[medical history]], [[ultrasound]], [[blood tests]]
			\| differential = [[Deep vein thrombosis]], [[cellulitis]], [[lipedema]]
			\| treatment = [[Diuretics]], [[compression stockings]], [[elevation of legs]], [[exercise]]
			\| medication = [[Furosemide]], [[spironolactone]]
			\| prognosis = Depends on underlying cause
			\| frequency = Common, especially in older adults
			}}
	'''Edema''' refers to the medical condition characterized by the excessive accumulation of fluid within the tissues, most commonly observed in the upper (arms and hands) and lower extremities (legs and feet). This buildup of fluid can lead to swelling and discomfort and is often an indicator of underlying health issues.		'''Edema''' refers to the medical condition characterized by the excessive accumulation of fluid within the tissues, most commonly observed in the upper (arms and hands) and lower extremities (legs and feet). This buildup of fluid can lead to swelling and discomfort and is often an indicator of underlying health issues.
			[[File:Edema Hands 01.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Swelling in the hand as a result of fluid accumulation.]]
	~~[[File:Combinpedal.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Swelling in the leg due to edema.]]~~
	[[File:Edema Hands 01.jpg\|thumb\|~~right~~\|Swelling in the hand as a result of fluid accumulation.]]

	=== Causes of Edema ===		=== Causes of Edema ===

	Edema can develop for a variety of reasons, including:		Edema can develop for a variety of reasons, including:

	* '''Heart Conditions''': Poor heart function can result in fluid buildup, especially in the legs.		* '''Heart Conditions''': Poor heart function can result in fluid buildup, especially in the legs.
	* '''Kidney Disease''': The kidneys, when not functioning correctly, may not eliminate enough fluid and sodium from the blood, leading to edema.		* '''Kidney Disease''': The kidneys, when not functioning correctly, may not eliminate enough fluid and sodium from the blood, leading to edema.
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	* '''Medications''': Some medications, including high blood pressure drugs, steroids, and NSAIDs, may cause edema.		* '''Medications''': Some medications, including high blood pressure drugs, steroids, and NSAIDs, may cause edema.
	* '''Infections and Injuries''': Localized swelling can occur at infection or injury sites.		* '''Infections and Injuries''': Localized swelling can occur at infection or injury sites.

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	=== Symptoms and Diagnosis ===		=== Symptoms and Diagnosis ===

	Beyond visible swelling, individuals with edema may experience:		Beyond visible swelling, individuals with edema may experience:

	* Tightness or reduced flexibility in the affected area		* Tightness or reduced flexibility in the affected area
	* A feeling of heaviness or discomfort		* A feeling of heaviness or discomfort
	* Pitting (when pressing the swollen area leaves an indent that takes some time to fill back)		* Pitting (when pressing the swollen area leaves an indent that takes some time to fill back)

	Diagnosis often involves:		Diagnosis often involves:

	* Physical examination		* Physical examination
	* Medical history review		* Medical history review
	* [[Ultrasound]] or [[MRI]] for imaging		* [[Ultrasound]] or [[MRI]] for imaging
	* Blood tests and urinalysis to check for underlying conditions		* Blood tests and urinalysis to check for underlying conditions

	[[File:Cardiovascular system - Oedema 1 -- Smart-Servier.png\|thumb\|left\|A medical professional examining a patient for edema.]]		[[File:Cardiovascular system - Oedema 1 -- Smart-Servier.png\|thumb\|left\|A medical professional examining a patient for edema.]]

	=== Treatment and Management ===		=== Treatment and Management ===

	The approach to treating edema depends on its cause:		The approach to treating edema depends on its cause:

	* '''Medications''': Diuretics can help increase urine output and reduce fluid buildup.		* '''Medications''': Diuretics can help increase urine output and reduce fluid buildup.
	* '''Compression''': Wearing compression stockings or sleeves can prevent fluid from accumulating.		* '''Compression''': Wearing compression stockings or sleeves can prevent fluid from accumulating.
	* '''Elevation''': Raising the affected limb can help drain excess fluid.		* '''Elevation''': Raising the affected limb can help drain excess fluid.
	* '''Dietary Changes''': Reducing salt intake can help mitigate fluid retention.		* '''Dietary Changes''': Reducing salt intake can help mitigate fluid retention.

	=== Complications ===		=== Complications ===

	If left untreated, edema can lead to:		If left untreated, edema can lead to:

	* Skin infections or ulcers		* Skin infections or ulcers
	* Decreased blood circulation		* Decreased blood circulation
	* Scarring between tissue layers		* Scarring between tissue layers
	* Decreased elasticity in affected joints and tissues		* Decreased elasticity in affected joints and tissues

	=== Prevention ===		=== Prevention ===

	While not all forms of edema are preventable, the following practices can reduce risks:		While not all forms of edema are preventable, the following practices can reduce risks:

	* Maintaining a healthy weight		* Maintaining a healthy weight
	* Regular exercise		* Regular exercise
	* A balanced diet with limited salt intake		* A balanced diet with limited salt intake
	* Avoiding sitting or standing in one position for extended periods		* Avoiding sitting or standing in one position for extended periods

	== See Also ==		== See Also ==

	* [[Heart Failure]]		* [[Heart Failure]]
	* [[Kidney Disease]]		* [[Kidney Disease]]
	* [[Liver Disease]]		* [[Liver Disease]]
	* [[Deep Vein Thrombosis]]		* [[Deep Vein Thrombosis]]

	== References ==		== References ==

	* Guyton, A.C., & Hall, J.E. ''Textbook of Medical Physiology''. Saunders Elsevier, 2016.		* Guyton, A.C., & Hall, J.E. ''Textbook of Medical Physiology''. Saunders Elsevier, 2016.
	* Kapoor, W.N. ''Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Cardiology''. McGraw-Hill Education, 2019.		* Kapoor, W.N. ''Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Cardiology''. McGraw-Hill Education, 2019.
	* [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20366493 Mayo Clinic: Edema]		* [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20366493 Mayo Clinic: Edema]

	[[Category: Medical Conditions]]		[[Category: Medical Conditions]]
	[[Category: Cardiovascular Disorders]]		[[Category: Cardiovascular Disorders]]
	[[Category: Renal Disorders]]		[[Category: Renal Disorders]]
	{{stub}}		{{stub}}

Kondreddy Naveen at 22:06, 5 October 2023

2023-10-05T22:06:19Z

New page

== Edema: Accumulation of Fluid in the Extremities ==

'''Edema''' refers to the medical condition characterized by the excessive accumulation of fluid within the tissues, most commonly observed in the upper (arms and hands) and lower extremities (legs and feet). This buildup of fluid can lead to swelling and discomfort and is often an indicator of underlying health issues.

[[File:Combinpedal.jpg|thumb|right|Swelling in the leg due to edema.]]
[[File:Edema Hands 01.jpg|thumb|right|Swelling in the hand as a result of fluid accumulation.]]

=== Causes of Edema ===

Edema can develop for a variety of reasons, including:

* '''Heart Conditions''': Poor heart function can result in fluid buildup, especially in the legs.
* '''Kidney Disease''': The kidneys, when not functioning correctly, may not eliminate enough fluid and sodium from the blood, leading to edema.
* '''Liver Disease''': Cirrhosis or other liver conditions can cause fluid to accumulate in the body.
* '''Pregnancy''': Fluid retention is common during pregnancy and can lead to mild swelling.
* '''Medications''': Some medications, including high blood pressure drugs, steroids, and NSAIDs, may cause edema.
* '''Infections and Injuries''': Localized swelling can occur at infection or injury sites.

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=== Symptoms and Diagnosis ===

Beyond visible swelling, individuals with edema may experience:

* Tightness or reduced flexibility in the affected area
* A feeling of heaviness or discomfort
* Pitting (when pressing the swollen area leaves an indent that takes some time to fill back)

Diagnosis often involves:

* Physical examination
* Medical history review
* [[Ultrasound]] or [[MRI]] for imaging
* Blood tests and urinalysis to check for underlying conditions

[[File:Cardiovascular system - Oedema 1 -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|left|A medical professional examining a patient for edema.]]

=== Treatment and Management ===

The approach to treating edema depends on its cause:

* '''Medications''': Diuretics can help increase urine output and reduce fluid buildup.
* '''Compression''': Wearing compression stockings or sleeves can prevent fluid from accumulating.
* '''Elevation''': Raising the affected limb can help drain excess fluid.
* '''Dietary Changes''': Reducing salt intake can help mitigate fluid retention.

=== Complications ===

If left untreated, edema can lead to:

* Skin infections or ulcers
* Decreased blood circulation
* Scarring between tissue layers
* Decreased elasticity in affected joints and tissues

=== Prevention ===

While not all forms of edema are preventable, the following practices can reduce risks:

* Maintaining a healthy weight
* Regular exercise
* A balanced diet with limited salt intake
* Avoiding sitting or standing in one position for extended periods

== See Also ==

* [[Heart Failure]]
* [[Kidney Disease]]
* [[Liver Disease]]
* [[Deep Vein Thrombosis]]

== References ==

* Guyton, A.C., & Hall, J.E. ''Textbook of Medical Physiology''. Saunders Elsevier, 2016.
* Kapoor, W.N. ''Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Cardiology''. McGraw-Hill Education, 2019.
* [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20366493 Mayo Clinic: Edema]

[[Category: Medical Conditions]]
[[Category: Cardiovascular Disorders]]
[[Category: Renal Disorders]]
{{stub}}

Peripheral edema - Revision history

Prab: CSV import

Kondreddy Naveen at 22:06, 5 October 2023