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</table>Prabhttps://wikimd.org/index.php?title=Pediatrics&diff=5030746&oldid=prevPrab: /* Glossary of Pediatrics */2023-11-12T16:03:41Z<p><span class="autocomment">Glossary of Pediatrics</span></p>
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{{top}}<br />
'''Pediatrics''' ([[American and British English differences|also spelled]] '''paediatrics''' or '''pædiatrics''') is the branch of [[medicine]] that deals with the medical care of [[infant]]s, [[child]]ren, and [[adolescent]]s, and the age limit usually ranges from birth up to 18 (in some places until completion of [[secondary education]], and until age 21 in the United States). A [[physician|medical practitioner]] who specializes in this area is known as a '''pediatrician''', or '''paediatrician'''. The word ''paediatrics'' and its [[cognates]] mean ''healer of children''.<br />
<br />
<!--T:2--><br />
In the United States, a ''pediatrician'' is often a [[general practitioner|primary care physician]] who specializes in children, whilst in the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] a ''paediatrician'' in paediatrics but generally not as a primary [[general practitioner]].<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
Pediatricians are medical doctors who have completed additional training in the field of child health and development. They are licensed to assess and diagnose health conditions, as well as provide treatment and support to children and their families.<br />
==Preventive care==<br />
One of the key roles of a pediatrician is to provide preventive care. This involves regular check-ups and immunizations to help ensure that children are growing and developing normally. Pediatricians may also identify and treat health conditions that are common in children, such as respiratory infections, allergies, and injuries.<br />
==Chronic conditions==<br />
In addition to providing preventive care and treating common health conditions, pediatricians may also be involved in managing chronic health conditions that affect children. These may include conditions such as asthma, diabetes, and epilepsy. In these cases, pediatricians work closely with their patients and their families to develop a treatment plan that meets the child's unique needs and goals.<br />
==Work environment==<br />
Pediatricians may work in a variety of settings, including hospitals, clinics, and private practices. They may also be involved in research, education, and policy development related to child health.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<!--T:4--><br />
In the [[Western world]], the first generally accepted pediatric hospital is the ''Hôpital des Enfants Malades'' ([[French language|French]]: Hospital for Sick Children), which opened in Paris in June 1802 on the site of a previous orphanage.<ref name="Ballbriga">{{Cite book|last1= Ballbriga |first1= Angel |editor1-first= Burford L. ''et al.'' (eds) |editor1-last=Nichols |title= History of Paediatrics 1850–1950 |trans_title= |url= |format= |accessdate= |edition= |series= Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series |volume= 22 |date= |year= 1991 |month= |origyear= |publisher= Raven Press |location= New York, NY |language= |isbn= 0-88167-695-0 |pages= 6–8 |trans_chapter= |chapter= 'One century of pediatrics in Europe (section: development of pediatric hospitals in Europe)' }}</ref> From its beginning, this famous hospital accepted patients up to the age of fifteen years,<ref name = "Paris19">{{Citation/make link|http://www.aphp.fr/site/histoire/1901_hopitaux_pediatriques.htm|official history site (in French) of nineteenth century paediatric hospitals in Paris}}</ref> and it continues to this day as the pediatric division of the [[Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital]], created in 1920 by merging with the physically contiguous ''Necker Hospital'', founded in 1778.<br />
<br />
<!--T:5--><br />
This example was only gradually followed in other European countries. The [[Charité]] (a hospital founded in 1710) in [[Berlin]] established a separate Pediatric Pavilion in 1830, followed by similar institutions at [[Sankt Petersburg]] in 1834, and at [[Vienna]] and [[Breslau]] (now [[Wrocław]]), both in 1837. The English-speaking world waited until 1852 for its first pediatric hospital, [[Great Ormond Street Hospital|the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street]], some fifty years after the founding of its namesake in Paris.<ref name="Ballbriga" /> In the USA, the first similar institutions were the [[Children's Hospital of Philadelphia]], which opened in 1855, and then [[Boston Children's Hospital]] (1869).<ref name = "Pearson">{{Cite book|last1= Pearson |first1= Howard A. |editor1-first= Burford L. ''et al.'' (eds) |editor1-last=Nichols |title= History of Paediatrics 1850–1950 |trans_title= |url= |format= |accessdate= |edition= |series= Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series |volume= 22 |date= |year= 1991 |month= |origyear= |publisher= Raven Press |location= New York, NY |language= |isbn= 0-88167-695-0 |pages= 55–63 |trans_chapter= |chapter= 'Pediatrics in the United States' }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Differences between adult and pediatric medicine== <!--T:6--><br />
The body size differences are paralleled by maturational changes. The smaller body of an [[infant]] or [[neonate]] is substantially different physiologically from that of an adult. Congenital defects, genetic variance, and developmental issues are of greater concern to pediatricians than they often are to adult physicians.<br />
<br />
<!--T:7--><br />
A major difference between pediatrics and adult medicine is that children are minors and, in most [[jurisdiction]]s, cannot make decisions for themselves. The issues of [[guardianship]], privacy, legal responsibility and informed consent must always be considered in every pediatric procedure. In a sense, pediatricians often have to treat the parents and sometimes, the family, rather than just the child. Adolescents are in their own legal class, having rights to their own health care decisions in certain circumstances. In basic terms, pediatricians take care of all of the children's needs from emotional support to medical support.<br />
<br />
==Training of pediatricians== <!--T:8--><br />
<!--T:9--><br />
The training of pediatricians varies considerably across the world.<br />
Depending on jurisdiction and university, a medical degree course may be either undergraduate-entry or graduate-entry. The former commonly takes five or six years, and has been usual in the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]]. Entrants to graduate-entry courses (as in the USA), usually lasting four or five years, have previously completed a three- or four-year university degree, commonly but by no means always in sciences. Medical graduates hold a degree specific to the country and university in and from which they graduated. This degree qualifies that medical practitioner to become licensed or registered under the laws of that particular country, and sometimes of several countries, subject to requirements for "[[medical intern|internship]]" or "conditional registration".<br />
Pediatricians must undertake further training in their chosen field. This may take from four to eleven or more years, (depending on jurisdiction and the degree of specialization). The post-graduate training for a [[primary care physician]], including primary care pediatricians, is generally not as lengthy as for a hospital-based [[medical specialist]].<br />
In most jurisdictions, entry-level degrees are common to all branches of the medical profession, but in some jurisdictions, specialization in pediatrics may begin before completion of this degree. In some jurisdictions, pediatric training is begun immediately following completion of entry-level training. In other jurisdictions, junior medical doctors must undertake [[generalist]] (unstreamed) training for a number of years before commencing pediatric (or any other) [[Specialty (medicine)|specialization]]. Specialist training is often largely under the control of '''pediatric organizations''' (see below) rather than universities,and depending on jurisdiction.<br />
==Summary==<br />
It is important to note that the field of pediatrics is broad and complex, and pediatricians often work as part of a team of healthcare professionals to provide the best possible care to their patients. This may include working with other doctors, nurses, and other specialists, as well as collaborating with social workers, psychologists, and other mental health professionals.<br />
<br />
==Subspecialties== <!--T:10--><br />
Subspecialties of pediatrics include:<br />
* [[Adolescent Medicine]]<br />
* [[Child Abuse Pediatrician]]<br />
* [[Neonatology]]<br />
* [[Pediatric allergy and immunology]]<br />
* [[Pediatric cardiology]]<br />
* [[Pediatric critical care]]<br />
* [[Pediatric dermatology]]<br />
* [[Pediatric emergency medicine]]<br />
* [[Pediatric endocrinology]]<br />
* [[Pediatric gastroenterology]]<br />
* [[Pediatric hematology]]<br />
* [[Pediatric infectious disease]]<br />
* [[Pediatric nephrology]]<br />
* [[Pediatric neuropsychology]]<br />
* [[Pediatric oncology]]<br />
* [[Pediatric ophthalmology]]<br />
* [[Pediatric psychiatry]]<br />
* [[Pediatric pulmonology]]<br />
* [[Pediatric rheumatology]]<br />
<br />
== Pediatric health condtions ==<br />
* '''[[Pediatric health conditions|List of pediatric health conditions]]'''<br />
* '''[[Glossary of pediatrics]]'''<br />
* '''[[Dictionary of pediatrics]]'''<br />
<br />
==See also== <!--T:11--><br />
* [[Children's hospital]]<br />
* [[Medical specialty]]<br />
* [[Child life specialist]]<br />
* [[Pain in babies]]<br />
* [[American Academy of Pediatrics]]<br />
* [[American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics]]<br />
* [[Pediatric nurse practitioner]]<br />
* [[Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health]]<br />
* [[Center on Media and Child Health]] (CMCH)<br />
<br />
Some of the common tests and procedures performed by pediatricians include: <br />
<br />
'''Blood tests including '''<br />
* [[Liver function tests]] and [[kidney function tests]], [[blood cholesterol]]<br />
* [[Blood lead levels]]<br />
* [[Scoliosis]]<br />
* [[Tuberculosis]] skin testing or blood tests<br />
* [[CBC with differential]]<br />
* [[CMP]] blood test<br />
* [[Allergy tests]]<br />
* [[Throat culture]]<br />
<br />
'''Imaging studies such as:'''<br />
* [[CT Scan]]<br />
* [[X-ray]]<br />
* [[Ultrasound]]<br />
* [[MRI]]<br />
* [[Echocardiogram]] (ECHO)<br />
* [[Electrocardiogram]] (EKG or ECG)<br />
* [[Electroencephalogram]] (EEG) and Video EEG<br />
* [[Electromyogram]] (EMG) Laboratory Examination<br />
* [[Esophagogastroduodenoscopy]] (EGD)<br />
* [[Esophagram]]<br />
<br />
'''Other tests such as:'''<br />
* [[Exercise-induced asthma testing]]<br />
* [[Sleep study]]<br />
* [[Spirometry testing]]<br />
<br />
== List of Pediatricians (USA) ==<br />
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Alabama|Alabama]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Alaska|Alaska]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Arizona|Arizona]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Arkansas|Arkansas]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in California|California]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Colorado|Colorado]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Connecticut|Connecticut]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Delaware|Delaware]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Florida|Florida]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Georgia|Georgia]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Hawaii|Hawaii]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Idaho|Idaho]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Illinois|Illinois]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Indiana|Indiana]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Iowa|Iowa]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Kansas|Kansas]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Kentucky|Kentucky]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Louisiana|Louisiana]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Maine|Maine]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Maryland|Maryland]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Massachusetts|Massachusetts]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Michigan|Michigan]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Minnesota|Minnesota]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Mississippi|Mississippi]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Missouri|Missouri]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Montana|Montana]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Nebraska|Nebraska]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Nevada|Nevada]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in New Hampshire|New Hampshire]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in New Jersey|New Jersey]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in New Mexico|New Mexico]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in New York|New York]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in North Carolina|North Carolina]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in North Dakota|North Dakota]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Ohio|Ohio]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Oklahoma|Oklahoma]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Oregon|Oregon]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Rhode Island|Rhode Island]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in South Carolina|South Carolina]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in South Dakota|South Dakota]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Tennessee|Tennessee]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Texas|Texas]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Utah|Utah]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Vermont|Vermont]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Virginia|Virginia]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Washington|Washington]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in West Virginia|West Virginia]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Wisconsin|Wisconsin]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Wyoming|Wyoming]]<br />
<br />
''' US territories'''<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in American Samoa|American Samoa]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Guam|Guam]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Northern Mariana Islands|Northern Mariana Islands]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in U.S. Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in District of Columbia|District of Columbia]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
== Glossary of Pediatrics ==<br />
{{pediatrics}}<br />
<br />
== Find a pediatrician ==<br />
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Alabama|Alabama]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Alaska|Alaska]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Arizona|Arizona]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Arkansas|Arkansas]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in California|California]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Colorado|Colorado]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Connecticut|Connecticut]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Delaware|Delaware]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Florida|Florida]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Georgia|Georgia]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Hawaii|Hawaii]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Idaho|Idaho]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Illinois|Illinois]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Indiana|Indiana]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Iowa|Iowa]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Kansas|Kansas]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Kentucky|Kentucky]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Louisiana|Louisiana]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Maine|Maine]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Maryland|Maryland]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Massachusetts|Massachusetts]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Michigan|Michigan]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Minnesota|Minnesota]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Mississippi|Mississippi]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Missouri|Missouri]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Montana|Montana]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Nebraska|Nebraska]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Nevada|Nevada]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in New Hampshire|New Hampshire]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in New Jersey|New Jersey]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in New Mexico|New Mexico]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in New York|New York]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in North Carolina|North Carolina]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in North Dakota|North Dakota]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Ohio|Ohio]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Oklahoma|Oklahoma]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Oregon|Oregon]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Rhode Island|Rhode Island]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in South Carolina|South Carolina]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in South Dakota|South Dakota]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Tennessee|Tennessee]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Texas|Texas]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Utah|Utah]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Vermont|Vermont]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Virginia|Virginia]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Washington|Washington]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in West Virginia|West Virginia]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Wisconsin|Wisconsin]]<br />
* [[:Category:Pediatric medicine providers in Wyoming|Wyoming]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
<!--T:15--><br />
==References== <!--T:12--><br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading== <!--T:13--><br />
* [http://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/contpeds/ Contemporary Pediatrics] – a monthly magazine<br />
* [http://clp.sagepub.com Clinical Pediatrics] – a peer-reviewed journal<br />
* [http://www.pediatricsconsultant360.com/ Consultant for Pediatricians] – a peer-reviewed journal<br />
<br />
==External links== <!--T:14--><br />
* [http://www.aap.org American Academy of Pediatrics]<br />
* [http://www.cps.ca/ Canadian Paediatric Society]<br />
* [http://www.bmj.com/specialties/paediatrics Pediatric Collection by the BMJ] – Collection of Pediatric papers published in the British Medical Journal.<br />
* [http://ec.europa.eu/health-eu/my_health/babies_and_children/index_en.htm Health-EU Portal] – Babies' and Children's health in the EU<br />
* [http://www.paediatrics.info Paediatrics.info]<br />
* [http://grandrounds.pediatrics.med.nyu.edu/grandrounds/archive&gnr=538311 New York University Pediatrics Video Lectures]<br />
* [http://digitalcollections.library.ubc.ca/cdm/landingpage/collection/feeders Infant Feeders Collection] – A historical collection of infant feeding devices from the UBC Library Digital Collections<br />
* [http://www.medcareerhub.com/how-to-become-a-pediatrician/ Detailed Guide on Becoming a Pediatrician]<br />
<br />
<!--T:16--><br />
[[Category:Pediatrics|*]]<br />
{{health}}[[Category:Medical specialties]]<br />
[[Category:Medical doctors by specialty]]<br />
[[Category:Childhood]]</div>Prab