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← Older revision		Revision as of 05:51, 16 February 2025
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	~~'''~~Paraganglion''' is a small group of cells that are found near the adrenal glands and along certain blood vessels and nerves. These cells are derived from the [[neural crest]] and are capable of producing [[catecholamines]], which are hormones that help regulate the body's response to stress.		{{DISPLAYTITLE:Paraganglion}}

	== ~~Structure~~ ==		== Overview ==
			A '''paraganglion''' is a collection of [[chromaffin cells]] that are derived from the [[neural crest]] and are associated with the [[autonomic nervous system]]. These structures are part of the [[paraganglionic system]], which includes the [[adrenal medulla]] and extra-adrenal paraganglia. Paraganglia are primarily involved in the production and secretion of [[catecholamines]], such as [[epinephrine]] and [[norepinephrine]].

	Paraganglia are found in various ~~parts of the body~~, ~~most notably near~~ the [[~~adrenal glands~~]], ~~along the~~ [[~~sympathetic chain~~]], ~~and in the head and neck region. They are typically small, round or oval structures that are composed of clusters of~~ [[~~chromaffin cells~~]] and [[~~sustentacular cells~~]]~~, both of which are derived from the neural crest~~.		== Anatomy ==
			Paraganglia are distributed throughout the body and are closely associated with the [[sympathetic nervous system]]. They are found in various locations, including the [[head and neck]], [[thorax]], [[abdomen]], and [[pelvis]].

	== ~~Function~~ ==		=== Head and Neck ===
			In the head and neck region, paraganglia are often referred to as [[glomus bodies]]. Notable examples include the [[carotid body]] and the [[jugulotympanic paraganglia]]. These structures play a role in [[chemoreception]] and are involved in the regulation of [[respiratory rate]] in response to changes in blood [[oxygen]] and [[carbon dioxide]] levels.

	~~The primary function of~~ the paraganglia ~~is to produce and secrete catecholamines, including~~ [[~~adrenaline~~]] ~~(also known as epinephrine)~~ and [[~~noradrenaline~~]] ~~(also known as norepinephrine). These hormones play a crucial role in the body's~~ [[~~fight-or-flight response~~]]~~, helping to prepare the body for action in times of stress~~.		=== Thorax ===
			In the thorax, paraganglia are associated with the [[aortic body]] and other structures near the [[heart]] and [[great vessels]]. These paraganglia also have chemoreceptive functions.

	== ~~Clinical significance~~ ==		=== Abdomen ===
			[[File:Paraganglion_of_Gallbladder.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Paraganglion of the gallbladder]]
			In the abdomen, paraganglia are found near the [[adrenal glands]] and along the [[sympathetic chain]]. The [[organ of Zuckerkandl]] is a notable abdominal paraganglion located near the [[aorta]].

	~~Abnormalities in~~ the paraganglia ~~can lead to a number of medical conditions. For example,~~ [[~~paraganglioma~~]] ~~is a rare type of tumor that arises from the paraganglia~~. These ~~tumors can be benign or malignant and can cause a variety~~ of ~~symptoms depending on their location~~ and ~~whether they produce excess catecholamines~~.		=== Pelvis ===
			In the pelvis, paraganglia are associated with the [[urinary bladder]] and other pelvic organs. These structures are involved in the regulation of [[blood flow]] and [[smooth muscle]] activity.

	== ~~See also~~ ==		== Function ==
			Paraganglia are primarily involved in the production of catecholamines, which are important for the "[[fight-or-flight response]]". These hormones increase [[heart rate]], [[blood pressure]], and [[blood glucose]] levels, preparing the body for rapid action.

			== Clinical Significance ==
			Paraganglia can give rise to [[paragangliomas]], which are rare [[tumors]] that may secrete excessive amounts of catecholamines, leading to symptoms such as [[hypertension]], [[palpitations]], and [[headaches]]. Paragangliomas can occur in any location where paraganglia are found, but they are most commonly seen in the head and neck region.

			== Related Pages ==
	* [[Adrenal gland]]		* [[Adrenal gland]]
			* [[Sympathetic nervous system]]
			* [[Chromaffin cell]]
	* [[Catecholamine]]		* [[Catecholamine]]
	* [[Paraganglioma]]		* [[Paraganglioma]]
	* [[Neural crest]]

	~~== References ==~~

	~~{{reflist}}~~

	[[Category:Endocrine system]]		[[Category:Endocrine system]]
	[[Category:~~Anatomy~~]]		[[Category:Neuroanatomy]]
	~~[[Category:Medicine]]~~
	~~{{anatomy-stub}}~~
	~~{{medicine-stub}}~~

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2024-02-29T17:17:16Z

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'''Paraganglion''' is a small group of cells that are found near the adrenal glands and along certain blood vessels and nerves. These cells are derived from the [[neural crest]] and are capable of producing [[catecholamines]], which are hormones that help regulate the body's response to stress.

== Structure ==

Paraganglia are found in various parts of the body, most notably near the [[adrenal glands]], along the [[sympathetic chain]], and in the head and neck region. They are typically small, round or oval structures that are composed of clusters of [[chromaffin cells]] and [[sustentacular cells]], both of which are derived from the neural crest.

== Function ==

The primary function of the paraganglia is to produce and secrete catecholamines, including [[adrenaline]] (also known as epinephrine) and [[noradrenaline]] (also known as norepinephrine). These hormones play a crucial role in the body's [[fight-or-flight response]], helping to prepare the body for action in times of stress.

== Clinical significance ==

Abnormalities in the paraganglia can lead to a number of medical conditions. For example, [[paraganglioma]] is a rare type of tumor that arises from the paraganglia. These tumors can be benign or malignant and can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their location and whether they produce excess catecholamines.

== See also ==

* [[Adrenal gland]]
* [[Catecholamine]]
* [[Paraganglioma]]
* [[Neural crest]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Endocrine system]]
[[Category:Anatomy]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
{{anatomy-stub}}
{{medicine-stub}}

Paraganglion - Revision history

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