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'''Ortho acids''' are a class of [[acid]]s characterized by having the maximum number of [[hydroxyl group]]s that can be attached to a central atom, given its valence. They are more commonly referred to in the context of their derivatives, especially when discussing [[inorganic chemistry]]. Ortho acids are contrasted with their less hydrated forms, known as ''meta acids'' or ''pyro acids'', depending on the degree of dehydration.

==Structure and Nomenclature==
The general formula for an ortho acid is represented as H_n+2EOn, where ''E'' represents the central atom, usually a [[nonmetal]] or a [[metalloid]], and ''n'' is the number of oxygen atoms bonded to ''E''. The ''n+2'' indicates the number of hydrogen atoms, which are typically bonded to the oxygen atoms in the form of hydroxyl groups. This structure allows ortho acids to exhibit strong [[acidic]] properties, as the hydroxyl groups can easily donate [[proton]]s (H^+ ions) in aqueous solutions.

Ortho acids are named by adding the prefix ''ortho-'' to the name of their corresponding anhydride or less hydrated form. For example, orthophosphoric acid (H_3PO_4) is derived from phosphoric acid, which itself can exist in less hydrated forms such as pyrophosphoric acid (H_4P_2O_7) and metaphosphoric acid (HPO_3).

==Examples==
Some common examples of ortho acids include:
* '''Orthophosphoric acid''' (H_3PO_4) - Commonly known as phosphoric acid, it is widely used in the manufacture of [[fertilizer]]s and soft drinks.
* '''Orthosilicic acid''' (H_4SiO_4) - Found in natural waters, it plays a crucial role in the biogeochemical cycle of [[silicon]].
* '''Orthoboric acid''' (H_3BO_3) - Also known as boric acid, it is used in various applications ranging from industrial manufacturing to antiseptic products.

==Properties==
Ortho acids typically have higher [[melting point]]s and [[boiling point]]s compared to their less hydrated counterparts due to the presence of hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl groups. They are also generally more soluble in water and exhibit stronger acidity. The strength of an ortho acid can be influenced by the electronegativity of the central atom and the stability of the resulting anion after deprotonation.

==Applications==
Ortho acids find applications across a broad spectrum of fields. In [[industry]], they are used in the synthesis of [[plastic]]s, [[detergent]]s, and various chemicals. In [[agriculture]], they serve as key ingredients in fertilizers to provide essential nutrients to plants. In the [[medical field]], certain ortho acids have antiseptic properties and are used in pharmaceutical formulations.

==See Also==
* [[Acid]]
* [[Inorganic chemistry]]
* [[Hydroxyl group]]
* [[Proton]]
* [[Fertilizer]]
* [[Antiseptic]]

[[Category:Inorganic chemistry]]
[[Category:Acids]]

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Ortho acid - Revision history

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