Oppositional defiant disorder - Revision history

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			{{SI}}
			{{Infobox medical condition
			\| name = Oppositional defiant disorder
			\| image = [[File:It's_a_Braun_definitely.jpg\|250px]]
			\| alt =
			\| caption =
			\| field = [[Psychiatry]]
			\| symptoms = [[Angry]]/[[irritable mood]], [[argumentative]]/[[defiant behavior]], [[vindictiveness]]
			\| onset = Typically by age 8
			\| duration =
			\| causes = [[Genetic]] and [[environmental factors]]
			\| risks = [[Family history]] of [[mental health disorders]], [[abuse]], [[neglect]], [[inconsistent discipline]]
			\| diagnosis = Based on [[behavioral assessment]]
			\| differential = [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]], [[conduct disorder]], [[mood disorders]]
			\| prevention =
			\| treatment = [[Psychotherapy]], [[parent management training]], [[medication]]
			\| medication = [[Stimulants]], [[antidepressants]], [[antipsychotics]]
			\| prognosis = Varies; some children outgrow it, others may develop more serious disorders
			\| frequency = Estimated 3.3% of children
			}}
	'''Oppositional Defiant Disorder''' (ODD) is a behavioral disorder characterized by a recurrent pattern of angry or irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness towards authority figures such as parents, teachers, or other adults. It is most commonly diagnosed in childhood or adolescence and can lead to significant impairments in social, educational, and vocational functioning.<ref>{{cite journal\|last=American Psychiatric Association\|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.)\|year=2013\|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8}}</ref>		'''Oppositional Defiant Disorder''' (ODD) is a behavioral disorder characterized by a recurrent pattern of angry or irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness towards authority figures such as parents, teachers, or other adults. It is most commonly diagnosed in childhood or adolescence and can lead to significant impairments in social, educational, and vocational functioning.<ref>{{cite journal\|last=American Psychiatric Association\|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.)\|year=2013\|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8}}</ref>
	~~[[File:It's a Braun definitely.jpg\|thumb\|It's a Braun definitely]]~~

	== Symptoms and Diagnosis of Oppositional Defiant Disorder == <!--T:2-->		== Symptoms and Diagnosis of Oppositional Defiant Disorder == <!--T:2-->
	[[File:Instead of Oppositional Defiant Disorder 1 Wide.png\|thumb\|Instead of Oppositional Defiant Disorder 1 Wide]]		[[File:Instead of Oppositional Defiant Disorder 1 Wide.png\|thumb\|Instead of Oppositional Defiant Disorder 1 Wide]]
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	* Vindictiveness		* Vindictiveness
	These behaviors are more than just typical childhood behaviors and are directed towards authority figures in the child's life. For a diagnosis of ODD, these behaviors must cause significant distress and impairment in social or occupational functioning and must not occur exclusively during the course of a psychotic, substance use, or depressive disorder.<ref>{{cite journal\|last=American Psychiatric Association\|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.)\|year=2013\|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8}}</ref>		These behaviors are more than just typical childhood behaviors and are directed towards authority figures in the child's life. For a diagnosis of ODD, these behaviors must cause significant distress and impairment in social or occupational functioning and must not occur exclusively during the course of a psychotic, substance use, or depressive disorder.<ref>{{cite journal\|last=American Psychiatric Association\|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.)\|year=2013\|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8}}</ref>

	== Causes and Risk Factors == <!--T:3-->		== Causes and Risk Factors == <!--T:3-->

	The exact cause of ODD is not known. However, it is believed to be a result of a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors. Some risk factors associated with ODD include:		The exact cause of ODD is not known. However, it is believed to be a result of a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors. Some risk factors associated with ODD include:

	* Having a parent with a history of mental health disorders		* Having a parent with a history of mental health disorders
	* Exposure to neglect or abuse		* Exposure to neglect or abuse
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	* Poor social interactions and relationships<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Rowe\|first=R\|title=The role of the family environment in the development of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder\|journal=European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry\|year=2010\|pmid=20585745\|doi=10.1007/s00787-010-0121-3}}</ref>		* Poor social interactions and relationships<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Rowe\|first=R\|title=The role of the family environment in the development of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder\|journal=European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry\|year=2010\|pmid=20585745\|doi=10.1007/s00787-010-0121-3}}</ref>
	== Treatment of Oppositional Defiant Disorder == <!--T:4-->		== Treatment of Oppositional Defiant Disorder == <!--T:4-->

	Treatment of ODD typically involves psychological therapies such as:		Treatment of ODD typically involves psychological therapies such as:
	* '''Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)''': This approach helps the child to identify and change thought patterns leading to problematic behaviors.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Kazdin\|first=A. E.\|title=Cognitive-behavioral therapy for oppositional defiant disorder\|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2928568/\|website=NCBI\|year=2010\|accessdate=2023-06-02}}</ref>		* '''Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)''': This approach helps the child to identify and change thought patterns leading to problematic behaviors.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Kazdin\|first=A. E.\|title=Cognitive-behavioral therapy for oppositional defiant disorder\|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2928568/\|website=NCBI\|year=2010\|accessdate=2023-06-02}}</ref>
	* '''Family therapy''': This approach focuses on improving family interactions and communication.<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Kazdin\|first=A. E.\|title=Treatment of conduct disorder: progress and directions in psychotherapy research\|journal=Development and Psychopathology\|year=2003\|pmid=14984132\|doi=10.1017.S0954579403000496}}</ref>		* '''Family therapy''': This approach focuses on improving family interactions and communication.<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Kazdin\|first=A. E.\|title=Treatment of conduct disorder: progress and directions in psychotherapy research\|journal=Development and Psychopathology\|year=2003\|pmid=14984132\|doi=10.1017.S0954579403000496}}</ref>
	* '''Parent management training''': This intervention aims to teach parents strategies to positively change their child's behavior.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Barkley\|first=R. A.\|title=Defiant children: A clinician's manual for parent training\|url=https://www.guilford.com/books/Defiant-Children/Russell-Barkley/9781462513180\|publisher=Guilford Press\|year=2013\|accessdate=2023-06-02}}</ref>		* '''Parent management training''': This intervention aims to teach parents strategies to positively change their child's behavior.<ref>{{cite web\|last=Barkley\|first=R. A.\|title=Defiant children: A clinician's manual for parent training\|url=https://www.guilford.com/books/Defiant-Children/Russell-Barkley/9781462513180\|publisher=Guilford Press\|year=2013\|accessdate=2023-06-02}}</ref>

	In addition to therapy, medication may be used as a part of a comprehensive treatment plan, especially if the child has coexisting mental health conditions such as ADHD or anxiety disorders.<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Connor\|first=DF\|title=Preschool attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a review of prevalence, diagnosis, neurobiology, and stimulant treatment\|journal=Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics\|year=2002\|pmid=11889350\|doi=10.1097/00004703-200202000-00013}}</ref>		In addition to therapy, medication may be used as a part of a comprehensive treatment plan, especially if the child has coexisting mental health conditions such as ADHD or anxiety disorders.<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Connor\|first=DF\|title=Preschool attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a review of prevalence, diagnosis, neurobiology, and stimulant treatment\|journal=Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics\|year=2002\|pmid=11889350\|doi=10.1097/00004703-200202000-00013}}</ref>

	== Prognosis and Long-Term Outcomes == <!--T:5-->		== Prognosis and Long-Term Outcomes == <!--T:5-->

	With early intervention and a comprehensive treatment approach, many children with ODD can learn to manage their behaviors and lead healthy, productive lives. However, if left untreated, ODD can progress into more serious behavioral disorders, such as conduct disorder or antisocial personality disorder. It can also contribute to difficulties in school, work, and social relationships.<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Lavigne\|first=JV\|title=Predictors and correlates of completing behavioral parent training for the treatment of oppositional defiant disorder in pediatric primary care\|journal=Behavior Therapy\|year=2008\|pmid=18328876\|doi=10.1016/j.beth.2007.05.002}}</ref>		With early intervention and a comprehensive treatment approach, many children with ODD can learn to manage their behaviors and lead healthy, productive lives. However, if left untreated, ODD can progress into more serious behavioral disorders, such as conduct disorder or antisocial personality disorder. It can also contribute to difficulties in school, work, and social relationships.<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Lavigne\|first=JV\|title=Predictors and correlates of completing behavioral parent training for the treatment of oppositional defiant disorder in pediatric primary care\|journal=Behavior Therapy\|year=2008\|pmid=18328876\|doi=10.1016/j.beth.2007.05.002}}</ref>

	== See Also == <!--T:6-->		== See Also == <!--T:6-->

	* [[Conduct disorder]]		* [[Conduct disorder]]
	* [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]]		* [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]]

Prab at 15:53, 3 June 2023

2023-06-03T15:53:57Z

New page

'''Oppositional Defiant Disorder''' (ODD) is a behavioral disorder characterized by a recurrent pattern of angry or irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness towards authority figures such as parents, teachers, or other adults. It is most commonly diagnosed in childhood or adolescence and can lead to significant impairments in social, educational, and vocational functioning.<ref>{{cite journal|last=American Psychiatric Association|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.)|year=2013|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8}}</ref>
[[File:It's a Braun definitely.jpg|thumb|It's a Braun definitely]]

== Symptoms and Diagnosis of Oppositional Defiant Disorder == 
[[File:Instead of Oppositional Defiant Disorder 1 Wide.png|thumb|Instead of Oppositional Defiant Disorder 1 Wide]]
Symptoms of ODD typically begin before the age of 8 years and not later than early adolescence. The primary behavioral symptoms include a pattern of:
* Angry and irritable mood
* Argumentative and defiant behavior
* Vindictiveness
These behaviors are more than just typical childhood behaviors and are directed towards authority figures in the child's life. For a diagnosis of ODD, these behaviors must cause significant distress and impairment in social or occupational functioning and must not occur exclusively during the course of a psychotic, substance use, or depressive disorder.<ref>{{cite journal|last=American Psychiatric Association|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.)|year=2013|isbn=978-0-89042-555-8}}</ref>

== Causes and Risk Factors == 

The exact cause of ODD is not known. However, it is believed to be a result of a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors. Some risk factors associated with ODD include:

* Having a parent with a history of mental health disorders
* Exposure to neglect or abuse
* Unstable or dysfunctional family environment
* Poor social interactions and relationships<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rowe|first=R|title=The role of the family environment in the development of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder|journal=European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry|year=2010|pmid=20585745|doi=10.1007/s00787-010-0121-3}}</ref>
== Treatment of Oppositional Defiant Disorder == 

Treatment of ODD typically involves psychological therapies such as:
* '''Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)''': This approach helps the child to identify and change thought patterns leading to problematic behaviors.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kazdin|first=A. E.|title=Cognitive-behavioral therapy for oppositional defiant disorder|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2928568/|website=NCBI|year=2010|accessdate=2023-06-02}}</ref>
* '''Family therapy''': This approach focuses on improving family interactions and communication.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kazdin|first=A. E.|title=Treatment of conduct disorder: progress and directions in psychotherapy research|journal=Development and Psychopathology|year=2003|pmid=14984132|doi=10.1017.S0954579403000496}}</ref>
* '''Parent management training''': This intervention aims to teach parents strategies to positively change their child's behavior.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barkley|first=R. A.|title=Defiant children: A clinician's manual for parent training|url=https://www.guilford.com/books/Defiant-Children/Russell-Barkley/9781462513180|publisher=Guilford Press|year=2013|accessdate=2023-06-02}}</ref>

In addition to therapy, medication may be used as a part of a comprehensive treatment plan, especially if the child has coexisting mental health conditions such as ADHD or anxiety disorders.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Connor|first=DF|title=Preschool attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a review of prevalence, diagnosis, neurobiology, and stimulant treatment|journal=Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics|year=2002|pmid=11889350|doi=10.1097/00004703-200202000-00013}}</ref>

== Prognosis and Long-Term Outcomes == 

With early intervention and a comprehensive treatment approach, many children with ODD can learn to manage their behaviors and lead healthy, productive lives. However, if left untreated, ODD can progress into more serious behavioral disorders, such as conduct disorder or antisocial personality disorder. It can also contribute to difficulties in school, work, and social relationships.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lavigne|first=JV|title=Predictors and correlates of completing behavioral parent training for the treatment of oppositional defiant disorder in pediatric primary care|journal=Behavior Therapy|year=2008|pmid=18328876|doi=10.1016/j.beth.2007.05.002}}</ref>

== See Also == 

* [[Conduct disorder]]
* [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]]
* [[Cognitive behavioral therapy]]
* [[Family therapy]]
== References == 
<references />
{{stub}}
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Child and adolescent psychiatry]]
[[Category:Behavioral disorders]]
[[Category:Mental health]]