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'''Operant conditioning''', also known as '''instrumental conditioning''', is a type of [[learning]] in which an individual's behavior is modified by its consequences; the behaviour may change in form, frequency, or strength. Operant conditioning is distinguished from [[classical conditioning]] (also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) in that operant conditioning deals with the modification of "voluntary behaviour" or operant behaviour.

== History ==

The term 'operant conditioning' was introduced by [[B.F. Skinner]] in order to indicate that, in his experimental paradigm, the organism is free to operate on the environment. In this paradigm, the experimenter cannot trigger the desirable response; the experimenter waits for the response to occur (to be emitted by the organism) and then a potential reinforcer is delivered.

== Concepts ==

Operant conditioning is a process that attempts to modify behaviour through the use of positive and negative reinforcement. Through operant conditioning, an individual makes an association between a particular behavior and a consequence.

=== Reinforcement ===

[[Reinforcement]] is any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows. There are two types of reinforcement: positive and negative.

==== Positive reinforcement ====

Positive reinforcement is a process that strengthens the likelihood of a particular response by adding a stimulus after the behavior is performed.

==== Negative reinforcement ====

Negative reinforcement is a response or behavior is strengthened by stopping, removing, or avoiding a negative outcome or aversive stimulus.

=== Punishment ===

[[Punishment (psychology)|Punishment]] is the application of an aversive stimulus/event (positive punishment or punishment by contingent stimulation) or the removal of a desirable stimulus (negative punishment or punishment by contingent withdrawal).

== Applications ==

Operant conditioning has been widely applied in clinical settings (i.e., behavior modification) as well as teaching settings and instructional design.

== See also ==

* [[Behaviorism]]
* [[Classical conditioning]]
* [[Reinforcement]]
* [[Punishment (psychology)|Punishment]]

== References ==

<references />

== External links ==

* [http://www.bfskinner.org/ B.F. Skinner Foundation]
* [http://www.behavior.org/ Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies]

[[Category:Behaviorism]]
[[Category:Learning]]
[[Category:Psychological schools]]
[[Category:Psychological theories]]
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Operant conditioning - Revision history

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