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	{{Short description\|~~A vital stain used in cell biology and histology~~}}
			{{Short description\|Information about the dye Neutral Red}}
	{{Infobox chemical		{{Infobox chemical
	\| ~~name~~ = ~~Neutral red~~		\| verifiedfields = changed
	\| image = ~~Neutral_Red~~.~~png~~		\| Watchedfields = changed
	\| ~~image_size~~ = ~~200px~~		\| verifiedrevid = 477002679
	\| ~~image_alt~~ = ~~Structure of~~ Neutral ~~Red~~		\| image = Neutral red.svg
	\| pin = ~~3-amino-7-dimethylamino-2-methylphenazine hydrochloride~~		\| imagefile1 = Neutral red 3D ball.png
			\| imagefile2 = Neutral red 3D spacefill.png
			\| pin = C15H17ClN4
	\| othernames = Toluylene red, Basic red 5		\| othernames = Toluylene red, Basic red 5
	~~\| section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers~~
	~~\| CASNo = 553-24-2~~
	~~\| PubChem = 5284539~~
	~~\| ChemSpiderID = 4447580~~
	~~\| UNII = 7Q792U7E6A~~
	~~\| ChEMBL = 1201280~~
	~~\| SMILES = CN(C)c1ccc2c(c1)nc3c(c2)cc(cc3)N~~
	~~\| InChI = 1S/C15H17N4.ClH/c1-18(2)11-5-6-13-14(9-11)19-15-10-12(16)7-8-17-15/h5-10H,1-2H3,(H2,16,17);1H~~
	~~\| InChIKey = ZKQDCQWGBDWDIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N~~
	}}
	~~\| section2 = {{Chembox Properties~~
	~~\| C = 15~~
	~~\| H = 17~~
	~~\| N = 4~~
	~~\| Cl = 1~~
	~~\| molar_mass = 288.78 g/mol~~
	~~\| appearance = Dark green crystals~~
	~~\| solubility = Soluble in water~~
	}}
	}}		}}

	'''Neutral ~~red~~''' is a [[vital stain]] used in [[cell biology]] and [[histology]] ~~for staining~~ [[~~lysosomes~~]] ~~in living cells. It is a weakly basic dye that is taken up by cells and accumulates in lysosomes, where it is protonated~~ and ~~trapped. Neutral red is commonly used in~~ [[~~cytotoxicity~~]] ~~assays, such as the Neutral Red Uptake (NRU) assay, to assess cell viability~~.		'''Neutral Red''' is a [[eukaryotic]] [[vital stain]] used for [[staining]] [[lysosomes]]. It is commonly used in [[cell biology]] and [[histology]] to identify [[living cells]] and [[tissues]].

	==~~Chemical~~ Properties==		==Properties==
	Neutral ~~red~~ is a ~~member of the~~ [[~~phenazine~~]] ~~family of dyes. It is a dark green crystalline powder~~ that is soluble in water~~, forming a red solution~~. ~~The dye~~ has a molecular formula of ~~C₁₅H₁₇N₄Cl~~ and a ~~molar mass~~ of 288.78 g/mol. ~~Its structure consists of~~ a ~~phenazine core with amino and dimethylamino substituents~~.		Neutral Red is a [[weakly basic dye]] that is soluble in [[water]] and [[ethanol]]. It has a [[molecular formula]] of C15H17ClN4 and a [[molecular weight]] of 288.78 g/mol. The dye appears as a dark green powder that turns red when dissolved in water.

	==Applications==		==Applications==
	Neutral ~~red~~ is ~~primarily~~ used in biological ~~research for staining and viability~~ assays~~. Its applications include:~~		Neutral Red is used in various [[biological assays]] to assess [[cell viability]] and [[cytotoxicity]]. It is particularly useful in the [[Neutral Red uptake assay]], which measures the ability of cells to incorporate and bind the dye within their [[lysosomes]]. This assay is often used to evaluate the [[cytotoxic effects]] of [[chemical compounds]] and [[environmental toxins]].

	* '''Vital Staining''': Neutral red is used to ~~stain living cells, particularly to highlight lysosomes~~. It is ~~a vital stain, meaning it can be used on living cells without killing them.~~

	* '''Cytotoxicity Assays''': The Neutral Red ~~Uptake (NRU) assay is a common method for assessing cell viability and cytotoxicity. In this~~ assay, ~~viable~~ cells incorporate and ~~retain~~ the dye~~, while dead cells do not~~.

	* '''Histology''': In histological studies, neutral red can be used to ~~stain tissues, providing contrast to highlight cellular structures~~.

	==Mechanism of Action==		==Mechanism of Action==
	~~Neutral red is a weak base that~~ penetrates ~~cell membranes by non-ionic diffusion. Once inside~~ the cell~~, it~~ accumulates in lysosomes due to the acidic environment~~, where it becomes protonated and trapped~~. ~~This property makes it useful for identifying~~ lysosomal activity ~~and integrity~~.		The dye penetrates the [[cell membrane]] and accumulates in the [[lysosomes]] due to the acidic environment within these organelles. The accumulation of Neutral Red in lysosomes is a function of the [[pH gradient]] across the lysosomal membrane, which is maintained by the [[proton pump]] activity.

	==Safety and Handling==		==Safety and Handling==
	Neutral ~~red~~ should be handled with care, as ~~with all chemical reagents~~. ~~It is important to use appropriate~~ personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and goggles when handling the dye~~. Neutral red solutions should be prepared in a fume hood to avoid inhalation of dust or vapors~~.		Neutral Red should be handled with care, as it can be harmful if ingested or inhaled. Appropriate [[personal protective equipment]] (PPE) such as [[gloves]] and [[safety goggles]] should be worn when handling the dye.

	==~~Also see~~==		==See also==
	* [[Vital stain]]		* [[Vital stain]]
			* [[Cell viability assay]]
	* [[Lysosome]]		* [[Lysosome]]
	* [[Cytotoxicity]]
	* [[Histology]]
	* [[Phenazine]]

	{{~~Cell staining techniques~~}}		==References==
	~~{{Histology}}~~		{{Reflist}}

			==External links==
			* [https://www.wikimd.com/wiki/Neutral_red Neutral Red on WikiMD]

	[[Category:Staining dyes]]		[[Category:Staining dyes]]
	[[Category:~~Phenazines~~]]		[[Category:Histology]]
	[[Category:Cell biology]]		[[Category:Cell biology]]
			[[Category:Vital stains]]

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{{Short description|A vital stain used in cell biology and histology}}
{{Infobox chemical
| name = Neutral red
| image = Neutral_Red.png
| image_size = 200px
| image_alt = Structure of Neutral Red
| pin = 3-amino-7-dimethylamino-2-methylphenazine hydrochloride
| othernames = Toluylene red, Basic red 5
| section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo = 553-24-2
| PubChem = 5284539
| ChemSpiderID = 4447580
| UNII = 7Q792U7E6A
| ChEMBL = 1201280
| SMILES = CN(C)c1ccc2c(c1)nc3c(c2)cc(cc3)N
| InChI = 1S/C15H17N4.ClH/c1-18(2)11-5-6-13-14(9-11)19-15-10-12(16)7-8-17-15/h5-10H,1-2H3,(H2,16,17);1H
| InChIKey = ZKQDCQWGBDWDIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
}}
| section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| C = 15
| H = 17
| N = 4
| Cl = 1
| molar_mass = 288.78 g/mol
| appearance = Dark green crystals
| solubility = Soluble in water
}}
}}

'''Neutral red''' is a [[vital stain]] used in [[cell biology]] and [[histology]] for staining [[lysosomes]] in living cells. It is a weakly basic dye that is taken up by cells and accumulates in lysosomes, where it is protonated and trapped. Neutral red is commonly used in [[cytotoxicity]] assays, such as the Neutral Red Uptake (NRU) assay, to assess cell viability.

==Chemical Properties==
Neutral red is a member of the [[phenazine]] family of dyes. It is a dark green crystalline powder that is soluble in water, forming a red solution. The dye has a molecular formula of C₁₅H₁₇N₄Cl and a molar mass of 288.78 g/mol. Its structure consists of a phenazine core with amino and dimethylamino substituents.

==Applications==
Neutral red is primarily used in biological research for staining and viability assays. Its applications include:

* '''Vital Staining''': Neutral red is used to stain living cells, particularly to highlight lysosomes. It is a vital stain, meaning it can be used on living cells without killing them.

* '''Cytotoxicity Assays''': The Neutral Red Uptake (NRU) assay is a common method for assessing cell viability and cytotoxicity. In this assay, viable cells incorporate and retain the dye, while dead cells do not.

* '''Histology''': In histological studies, neutral red can be used to stain tissues, providing contrast to highlight cellular structures.

==Mechanism of Action==
Neutral red is a weak base that penetrates cell membranes by non-ionic diffusion. Once inside the cell, it accumulates in lysosomes due to the acidic environment, where it becomes protonated and trapped. This property makes it useful for identifying lysosomal activity and integrity.

==Safety and Handling==
Neutral red should be handled with care, as with all chemical reagents. It is important to use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and goggles when handling the dye. Neutral red solutions should be prepared in a fume hood to avoid inhalation of dust or vapors.

==Also see==
* [[Vital stain]]
* [[Lysosome]]
* [[Cytotoxicity]]
* [[Histology]]
* [[Phenazine]]

{{Cell staining techniques}}
{{Histology}}

[[Category:Staining dyes]]
[[Category:Phenazines]]
[[Category:Cell biology]]

Neutral red - Revision history

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