Neonicotinoid - Revision history

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	~~'''Neonicotinoids''' are a class~~ of neuro-active insecticides chemically similar to nicotine. In the 1980s Shell and in the 1990s Bayer started work on their development. The neonicotinoid family includes [[acetamiprid]], [[clothianidin]], [[imidacloprid]], [[nitenpyram]], [[nithiazine]], [[thiacloprid]] and [[thiamethoxam]]. Imidacloprid is the most widely used insecticide in the world. Compared to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, neonicotinoids cause less toxicity in birds and mammals than insects. Some breakdown products are also active and neonicotinoids have been widely used in the past.		{{Short description\|Class of neuro-active insecticides}}
			{{Use dmy dates\|date=October 2023}}

	== ~~History~~ ==		==Neonicotinoid==
			[[File:R-nicotine.svg\|thumb\|right\|Chemical structure of R-nicotine, a natural compound related to neonicotinoids]]
			Neonicotinoids are a class of neuro-active insecticides modeled after nicotine. They are chemically similar to nicotine and act on the central nervous system of insects, leading to paralysis and death. Neonicotinoids are widely used in agriculture due to their effectiveness in controlling a variety of pests.

	Neonicotinoids ~~were developed~~ in ~~the 1980s and 1990s~~ by ~~Shell and Bayer~~ to ~~replace more harmful insecticides that were causing damage~~ to the ~~environment and wildlife~~. ~~The first neonicotinoid~~, ~~imidacloprid, was launched in 1991~~.		==Chemical Properties==
			Neonicotinoids are synthetic compounds that mimic the action of nicotine, a natural insecticide found in tobacco plants. They are characterized by their ability to bind to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the nervous system of insects. This binding disrupts normal nerve function, leading to the insect's death.

	~~== Mechanism~~ of ~~action ==~~		[[File:Desnitro-imidacloprid.svg\|thumb\|left\|Chemical structure of Desnitro-imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid compound]]
			The chemical structure of neonicotinoids typically includes a nitroguanidine, nitromethylene, or cyanoamidine group, which is crucial for their insecticidal activity. These compounds are highly water-soluble, allowing them to be absorbed by plants and distributed throughout their tissues.

	Neonicotinoids ~~are systemic insecticides that are absorbed by~~ the ~~plant and transported around~~ the ~~plant's~~ system. ~~They act on~~ the ~~central~~ nervous system ~~of insects~~, ~~causing~~ paralysis and death. ~~They bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in the insect's nervous system~~, ~~causing the insect's nerves~~ to ~~fire continually until they fail~~.		==Mode of Action==
			Neonicotinoids target the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the central nervous system of insects. By binding to these receptors, neonicotinoids cause an overstimulation of the nervous system, leading to paralysis and eventually death. This mode of action is highly selective for insects, making neonicotinoids less toxic to mammals and birds.

	== ~~Environmental impact~~ ==		==Usage in Agriculture==
			Neonicotinoids are used extensively in agriculture to protect crops from a wide range of insect pests. They are applied as seed treatments, soil applications, or foliar sprays. The systemic nature of neonicotinoids allows them to be absorbed by plants and provide long-lasting protection against pests.

	~~Neonicotinoids have been found to have a negative~~ impact on ~~the environment~~, particularly on bees ~~and other pollinators~~. ~~They~~ have ~~been linked~~ to ~~a decline~~ in bee populations ~~and have been banned~~ in the ~~European Union and Canada for this reason~~.		==Environmental Impact==
			The widespread use of neonicotinoids has raised concerns about their impact on non-target organisms, particularly pollinators such as bees. Studies have shown that neonicotinoids can affect the foraging behavior, reproduction, and survival of bees, leading to declines in bee populations. This has prompted regulatory actions in several countries to restrict or ban the use of certain neonicotinoids.

	== ~~Health effects ==~~		==Regulation and Controversy==
			Due to their potential environmental impact, neonicotinoids have been the subject of regulatory scrutiny and public debate. The European Union has implemented restrictions on the use of certain neonicotinoids, and other countries are considering similar measures. The controversy surrounding neonicotinoids highlights the need for balancing pest control with environmental protection.
	~~While neonicotinoids are less toxic to mammals and birds than other insecticides, they can still have harmful effects. They can cause skin and eye irritation,~~ and ~~prolonged exposure can lead to respiratory problems.~~

	== ~~Regulation ==~~

	Due to their ~~harmful effects on bees and other pollinators~~, neonicotinoids have been ~~banned in~~ the European Union and ~~Canada~~. ~~Other countries, including~~ the ~~United States, have also considered bans or restrictions on their use~~.

	~~== See also ==~~

			==Related Pages==
	* [[Insecticide]]		* [[Insecticide]]
	* [[Nicotine]]		* [[Nicotine]]
	* [[~~Bayer~~]]		* [[Pollinator decline]]
	* [[~~Shell]]~~		* [[Pesticide regulation]]
	* [[European Union]]
	* [[Canada]]

	[[Category:Insecticides]]		[[Category:Insecticides]]
			[[Category:Agricultural chemicals]]
	[[Category:Neonicotinoids]]		[[Category:Neonicotinoids]]
	~~[[Category:Environmental impact]]~~
	~~[[Category:Health effects]]~~
	~~[[Category:Regulation]]~~

	~~{{stub}}~~
	~~<gallery>~~
	~~File:R-nicotine.svg\|R-nicotine~~
	~~File:Desnitro-imidacloprid.svg\|Desnitro-imidacloprid~~
	~~</gallery>~~
	~~<gallery>~~
	~~File:R-nicotine.svg\|Neonicotinoid~~
	~~File:Desnitro-imidacloprid.svg\|Neonicotinoid~~
	~~</gallery>~~

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	File:R-nicotine.svg\|R-nicotine		File:R-nicotine.svg\|R-nicotine
	File:Desnitro-imidacloprid.svg\|Desnitro-imidacloprid		File:Desnitro-imidacloprid.svg\|Desnitro-imidacloprid
			</gallery>
			<gallery>
			File:R-nicotine.svg\|Neonicotinoid
			File:Desnitro-imidacloprid.svg\|Neonicotinoid
	</gallery>		</gallery>

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	{{stub}}		{{stub}}
			<gallery>
			File:R-nicotine.svg\|R-nicotine
			File:Desnitro-imidacloprid.svg\|Desnitro-imidacloprid
			</gallery>

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New page

'''Neonicotinoids''' are a class of neuro-active insecticides chemically similar to nicotine. In the 1980s Shell and in the 1990s Bayer started work on their development. The neonicotinoid family includes [[acetamiprid]], [[clothianidin]], [[imidacloprid]], [[nitenpyram]], [[nithiazine]], [[thiacloprid]] and [[thiamethoxam]]. Imidacloprid is the most widely used insecticide in the world. Compared to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, neonicotinoids cause less toxicity in birds and mammals than insects. Some breakdown products are also active and neonicotinoids have been widely used in the past.

== History ==

Neonicotinoids were developed in the 1980s and 1990s by Shell and Bayer to replace more harmful insecticides that were causing damage to the environment and wildlife. The first neonicotinoid, imidacloprid, was launched in 1991.

== Mechanism of action ==

Neonicotinoids are systemic insecticides that are absorbed by the plant and transported around the plant's system. They act on the central nervous system of insects, causing paralysis and death. They bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in the insect's nervous system, causing the insect's nerves to fire continually until they fail.

== Environmental impact ==

Neonicotinoids have been found to have a negative impact on the environment, particularly on bees and other pollinators. They have been linked to a decline in bee populations and have been banned in the European Union and Canada for this reason.

== Health effects ==

While neonicotinoids are less toxic to mammals and birds than other insecticides, they can still have harmful effects. They can cause skin and eye irritation, and prolonged exposure can lead to respiratory problems.

== Regulation ==

Due to their harmful effects on bees and other pollinators, neonicotinoids have been banned in the European Union and Canada. Other countries, including the United States, have also considered bans or restrictions on their use.

== See also ==

* [[Insecticide]]
* [[Nicotine]]
* [[Bayer]]
* [[Shell]]
* [[European Union]]
* [[Canada]]

[[Category:Insecticides]]
[[Category:Neonicotinoids]]
[[Category:Environmental impact]]
[[Category:Health effects]]
[[Category:Regulation]]

{{stub}}