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	'''Negative ~~Affectivity~~''' ~~(NA)~~ is a personality variable that involves the experience of negative emotions and poor self-concept. ~~Negative affectivity subsumes a variety of negative emotions, including anger, contempt, disgust, guilt, fear, and nervousness. People with~~ high ~~levels of~~ negative affectivity are more ~~prone~~ to experience ~~a diverse range of negative emotions across time~~ and ~~situations~~. This ~~trait~~ is ~~contrasted with~~ [[~~Positive Affectivity~~]]~~, which refers~~ to ~~the tendency to experience positive~~ emotional ~~states~~.		{{Short description\|A psychological concept related to emotions and mood}}
			{{Psychology sidebar}}

			'''Negative affectivity''' is a personality variable that involves the experience of negative emotions and poor self-concept. Individuals high in negative affectivity are more likely to experience feelings such as anxiety, anger, guilt, and sadness. This concept is significant in the fields of [[psychology]] and [[psychiatry]] as it relates to [[mental health]] and [[emotional regulation]].

	==Overview==		==Overview==
	Negative affectivity is a ~~broad,~~ pervasive ~~dimension of personality~~ that influences ~~an individual's perception of the world~~. ~~Individuals~~ high in negative affectivity ~~tend~~ to ~~perceive minor frustrations as hopelessly difficult~~ and ~~have a lessened ability~~ to ~~experience positive events fully~~. ~~This trait is closely related to~~ [[~~Neuroticism~~]]~~, one of~~ the ~~five major dimensions of personality described in the [[Five Factor Model]].~~		Negative affectivity is characterized by a pervasive tendency to experience negative emotional states. It is considered a stable trait that influences how individuals perceive and respond to their environment. People with high negative affectivity are more sensitive to stress and are more likely to interpret situations as threatening or problematic.

			==Characteristics==
			[[File:Inside_my_head_cropped.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Negative affectivity involves experiencing negative emotions such as anxiety and sadness.]]
			Individuals with high negative affectivity often exhibit the following characteristics:

	~~==Measurement==~~		* '''Emotional instability''': Frequent mood swings and difficulty in maintaining a stable emotional state.
	~~Several psychological scales have been developed~~ to ~~measure~~ negative ~~affectivity~~. ~~One of the most widely used is the [[Positive~~ and Negative ~~Affect Schedule]] (PANAS), which assesses both positive~~ and ~~negative affect. The PANAS asks individuals to rate the extent to which they have experienced various emotions during a specific period~~.		* '''Pessimism''': A tendency to focus on the negative aspects of situations and expect unfavorable outcomes.
			* '''High stress reactivity''': Increased physiological and emotional response to stressors.
			* '''Low self-esteem''': Negative self-evaluation and lack of confidence in one's abilities.

	==~~Implications~~==		==Impact on Health==
	Negative affectivity has ~~implications for mental and physical~~ health. ~~High levels of negative affectivity are~~ associated with ~~a greater~~ risk of developing [[~~Mood Disorders\|mood disorders~~]], ~~such as~~ [[~~Depression (mood)\|depression~~]] and [[~~Anxiety Disorders\|anxiety disorders~~]]. ~~In terms~~ of ~~physical health,~~ negative ~~affectivity~~ can ~~impact the immune system and is linked~~ to ~~poorer~~ health ~~outcomes~~.		Negative affectivity has been linked to various health outcomes. It is associated with an increased risk of developing [[depression]], [[anxiety disorders]], and [[cardiovascular disease]]. The chronic experience of negative emotions can lead to [[stress]]-related health issues and impact overall well-being.

	==~~Relationship with Stress~~==		==Measurement==
	Negative affectivity is ~~also related to how individuals perceive~~ and ~~respond to stress~~. ~~People with high levels of negative affectivity are more likely to appraise situations as stressful~~ and ~~are more prone to experience distress in response to stressors. This can create a cycle where negative affectivity amplifies~~ the ~~effects~~ of ~~stress, which in turn increases negative emotions~~.		Negative affectivity is often measured using self-report questionnaires and psychological assessments. Common tools include the [[Positive and Negative Affect Schedule]] (PANAS) and the [[Neuroticism]] scale of the [[Big Five personality traits]].

	==~~Treatment and Management~~==		==Related Concepts==
	~~Managing negative~~ affectivity ~~often involves~~ psychological ~~interventions aimed at reducing the intensity and frequency of negative emotions. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is one effective approach~~, helping individuals to identify and challenge negative thought patterns that contribute to their emotional state. Mindfulness and stress management techniques can also help individuals with high negative affectivity to better regulate their emotions.		Negative affectivity is related to several other psychological concepts, including:

	~~==See Also==~~		* [[Neuroticism]]: A broader personality trait that encompasses negative affectivity and emotional instability.
	* [[Emotion Regulation]]		* [[Emotional regulation]]: The ability to manage and respond to emotional experiences in a healthy way.
	* [[~~Personality Psychology~~]]		* [[Cognitive bias]]: The tendency to process information in a way that is consistent with one's emotional state.
	* [[~~Stress (psychology)\|Stress~~]]
	* [[Cognitive ~~Behavioral Therapy~~]]

	[[~~Category:Personality Traits~~]]		==Related pages==
	[[~~Category:Psychological Concepts~~]]		* [[Positive affectivity]]
	[[~~Category:Mental Health~~]]		* [[Emotional intelligence]]
			* [[Stress management]]
			* [[Coping (psychology)]]

	{{Psychology~~-stub}}~~		[[Category:Psychology]]
	~~{{medicine-stub}}~~		[[Category:Personality traits]]
			[[Category:Emotions]]

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'''Negative Affectivity''' (NA) is a personality variable that involves the experience of negative emotions and poor self-concept. Negative affectivity subsumes a variety of negative emotions, including anger, contempt, disgust, guilt, fear, and nervousness. People with high levels of negative affectivity are more prone to experience a diverse range of negative emotions across time and situations. This trait is contrasted with [[Positive Affectivity]], which refers to the tendency to experience positive emotional states.

==Overview==
Negative affectivity is a broad, pervasive dimension of personality that influences an individual's perception of the world. Individuals high in negative affectivity tend to perceive minor frustrations as hopelessly difficult and have a lessened ability to experience positive events fully. This trait is closely related to [[Neuroticism]], one of the five major dimensions of personality described in the [[Five Factor Model]].

==Measurement==
Several psychological scales have been developed to measure negative affectivity. One of the most widely used is the [[Positive and Negative Affect Schedule]] (PANAS), which assesses both positive and negative affect. The PANAS asks individuals to rate the extent to which they have experienced various emotions during a specific period.

==Implications==
Negative affectivity has implications for mental and physical health. High levels of negative affectivity are associated with a greater risk of developing [[Mood Disorders|mood disorders]], such as [[Depression (mood)|depression]] and [[Anxiety Disorders|anxiety disorders]]. In terms of physical health, negative affectivity can impact the immune system and is linked to poorer health outcomes.

==Relationship with Stress==
Negative affectivity is also related to how individuals perceive and respond to stress. People with high levels of negative affectivity are more likely to appraise situations as stressful and are more prone to experience distress in response to stressors. This can create a cycle where negative affectivity amplifies the effects of stress, which in turn increases negative emotions.

==Treatment and Management==
Managing negative affectivity often involves psychological interventions aimed at reducing the intensity and frequency of negative emotions. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is one effective approach, helping individuals to identify and challenge negative thought patterns that contribute to their emotional state. Mindfulness and stress management techniques can also help individuals with high negative affectivity to better regulate their emotions.

==See Also==
* [[Emotion Regulation]]
* [[Personality Psychology]]
* [[Stress (psychology)|Stress]]
* [[Cognitive Behavioral Therapy]]

[[Category:Personality Traits]]
[[Category:Psychological Concepts]]
[[Category:Mental Health]]

{{Psychology-stub}}
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Negative affectivity - Revision history

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