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	!<big>Multiple Sclerosis Animation Video</big>		!<big>Multiple Sclerosis Animation Video</big>

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Find a neurologist

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 ==Latest research and treatments==
 * [[Briumvi]] - a novel CD-20 directed cytolytic antibody approved for relapsing form of MS.
 == List of Neurology doctors==
 '''Comprehensive list of [[:Category:Neurology providers|Neurologists]]''' in the United States.

Prab at 16:47, 3 September 2023

2023-09-03T16:47:57Z

New page

{{SI}}
{| class="videos" style="width: 20em; float:right; font-size:95%" cellspacing="4"
!<big>Multiple Sclerosis Animation Video</big>
|-
|
<YouTube>movie_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/qgySDmRRzxY&rel=1
embed_source_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/qgySDmRRzxY&rel=1
wrap=yes
width=425
height=355
</YouTube>
|-
|}

[[File:Symptoms of multiple sclerosis.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Main symptoms of multiple sclerosis]]
[[File:Multiple Sclerosis.png|thumb|Multiple sclerosis]]
'''Multiple sclerosis''' (often abbreviated to '''MS''', and historically known as '''disseminated sclerosis''') is a [[chronic (medicine)|chronic]], [[Inflamation|inflammatory]] condition that predominantly targets the [[Central Nervous System|central nervous system (CNS)]]. The disease manifests through a range of [[symptom]]s such as altered [[sensation]], [[Visual perception|visionary disturbances]], muscular weakness, [[depression (mood)|depression]], issues with coordination and speech, and sometimes severe pain. While many with MS manage to have fulfilling lives, the more advanced stages can notably impede mobility and lead to significant [[disability]].

==Neurological Impact==
MS primarily affects [[neuron]]s, which are vital cells within the brain and spinal cord responsible for transmitting information, facilitating thought and perception, and enabling the brain's command over the body. A protective fatty layer called the [[myelin]] sheath surrounds some of these neurons, ensuring efficient electrical [[Signal (biology)|signaling]]. MS gradually destroys this myelin ([[demyelination]]) and transects neuron [[axons]], resulting in varied symptoms depending on which pathways are disrupted. The term ''multiple sclerosis'' derives from the multiple scar-like lesions (scleroses) formed on the myelin sheaths. The prevailing theory suggests MS occurs due to the [[immune system]] mistakenly targeting the [[nervous system]], classifying it as an [[autoimmune diseases|autoimmune disease]].

==Disease Progression==
Multiple sclerosis can manifest in diverse patterns, either as isolated episodes with distinct symptoms or as a gradual accumulation of symptoms over time. While some may find relief from symptoms between attacks, permanent neurological damage often remains. Although significant strides have been made in understanding the pathological processes of MS, its root cause remains elusive. Unfortunately, a definitive [[cure]] for MS is yet to be identified. However, several treatments can potentially decelerate the progression of new symptoms. MS predominantly afflicts adults, usually between the ages of 20 and 40, with a higher prevalence in women than men.

== Common Symptoms ==
The clinical manifestation of MS is vast, and patients can exhibit a plethora of symptoms. Initial MS flare-ups can be mild, transient, and may not necessitate medical attention. Only retrospective analysis after diagnosis sometimes identifies them. Common initial symptoms include: altered sensations in the extremities or face, vision loss ([[optic neuritis]]), weakness, [[diplopia|double vision]], gait disturbances, and balance issues. Around 15% of individuals present with multiple symptoms during their first medical evaluation. Many patients report their initial MS symptoms unfolding over several hours to weeks. Some also indicate a preceding [[infection]], physical trauma, or intense physical activity triggering their initial MS episode.

Beyond the initial presentation, MS can cause a spectrum of other symptoms. These include flickering eye movements ([[nystagmus]]), speech anomalies, hand clumsiness, [[spasticity|muscle spasms]], and bowel or bladder dysfunction. Cognitive challenges, such as multitasking difficulties, trouble following intricate instructions, short-term memory loss, [[labile affect|emotional instability]], and fatigue, are prevalent. Emotional symptoms can be multifaceted, stemming from the emotional toll of living with a chronic condition or due to direct neurological damage. Common emotional challenges include [[clinical depression]], feelings of [[anger]], [[anxiety]], despair, and even suicidal tendencies. Acute and chronic pain syndromes are also common among MS patients.

==Distinct Clinical Phenomena==
Certain clinical presentations often lead to a subsequent MS diagnosis, though it's worth noting that MS is not the exclusive cause for these:

* : [[Optic neuritis]]
* : Characterized by sudden onset of eye pain followed by blurring or loss of vision. This stems from the inflammation of the [[optic nerve]]. The affected vision usually improves within six months, but color perception (especially red) may remain subdued.
* ;[[Internuclear ophthalmoplegia]]
* : Often presents as binocular double vision, especially when gazing to one side. This is due to MS impacting the [[medial longitudinal fasciculus]] in the [[brain stem]], leading to unequal eye movement.
* ;[[Transverse myelitis]]
* : Marked by a rapid onset of numbness, muscular weakness, and bowel or bladder dysfunction, typically in the lower body due to the spinal cord's involvement. Many affected individuals face long-term disabilities.
*
== Diagnosis ==
MS poses challenges in early diagnosis. A definitive diagnosis requires evidence of at least two distinct demyelinating events, separated anatomically and occurring a minimum of thirty days apart. The [[McDonald criteria]] consolidate clinical, laboratory, and radiological data to streamline MS diagnosis across the globe.
== Glossary of terms ==

* '''[[antibodies]]''' —proteins made by the immune system that bind to structures (antigens) they recognize as foreign to the body.

* '''[[ataxia]]''' — a condition in which the muscles fail to function in a coordinated manner.

* '''[[autoimmune disease]]''' —a disease in which the body's defense system malfunctions and attacks a part of the body itself rather than foreign matter.

* '''[[blood-brain barrier]]''' —a network of blood vessels with closely spaced cells that controls the passage of substances from the blood into the central nervous system.

* '''[[cerebrospinal fluid]]''' —the colorless liquid that circulates around and through the cavities of the brain and spinal cord. Physicians use a variety of to study cerebrospinal fluid for abnormalities often associated with MS.

* '''[[deep brain stimulation]]''' —therapy that uses a surgically implanted, battery-operated medical device called a neurostimulator to deliver electrical stimulation to targeted areas in the brain that control movement, blocking the abnormal nerve signals that cause tremor and other movement symptoms.

* '''[[demyelination]]''' —damage caused to myelin by recurrent attacks of inflammation. Demyelination ultimately results in nervous system scars, called plaques, which interrupt communications between the nerves and the rest of the body.

* '''[[dysesthesias]]''' —abnormal sensations such as numbness, prickling, or "pins and needles."

* '''[[exacerbation]]''' —a sudden worsening of symptoms or the appearance of new symptoms that lasts for at least 24 hours.

* '''[[fatigue]]''' —tiredness that may accompany activity or may persist even without exertion.

* '''[[gray matter]]''' —part of the brain that contains nerve cells and has a gray color.

* '''[[immunosuppression]]''' — suppression of immune system functions. Many medications under investigation for the treatment of MS are immunosuppressants.

* '''[[interferons]]''' —signaling molecules that regulate immune cells.

* '''[[lesion]]''' —an abnormal change in the structure of an organ due to disease or injury. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)]]''' —a non-invasive scanning technique that enables investigators to see and track MS lesions as they evolve.

* '''[[myelin]]''' —a fatty covering insulating nerve cell fibers in the brain and spinal cord, myelin facilitates the smooth, high-speed transmission of electrochemical messages between these components of the central nervous system and the rest of the body. In MS, myelin is damaged through a process known as demyelination, which results in distorted or blocked signals.

* '''[[oligodendrocytes]]''' —cells that make and maintain myelin.

* '''[[optic neuritis]]''' —an inflammatory disorder of the optic nerve that usually occurs in only one eye and causes visual loss and sometimes blindness. It is generally temporary.

* '''[[plasma]]''' —the liquid portion of the blood that is involved in controlling infection.

* '''[[plasmapheresis]]''' —the process of taking blood out of the body and removing components in the blood’s plasma that are thought to be harmful before transfusing the blood back into the body (also called plasma exchange).

* '''[[plaques]]''' —patchy areas of inflammation and demyelination typical of MS, plaques disrupt or block nerve signals that would normally pass through the regions affected by the plaques.

* '''[[relapsing-remitting MS]]''' —a form of MS in which an episode of symptoms occurs and is followed by a recovery period before another attack occurs.

* '''[[spasticity]]''' —involuntary muscle contractions leading to spasms and stiffness or rigidity. In MS, this condition primarily affects the lower limbs.

* '''[[transverse myelitis]]''' —an acute spinal cord disorder causing sudden low back pain and muscle weakness and abnormal sensory sensations in the lower extremities. Transverse myelitis often remits spontaneously; however, severe or long-lasting cases may lead to permanent disability.

* '''[[white matter]]''' —nerve fibers that are the site of many MS lesions and that connect areas of gray matter in the brain and spinal cord.

==Latest research and treatments==
* [[Briumvi]] - a novel CD-20 directed cytolytic antibody approved for relapsing form of MS.
==Find a neurologist==
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Alabama|Alabama]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Alaska|Alaska]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Arizona|Arizona]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Arkansas|Arkansas]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in California|California]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Colorado|Colorado]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Connecticut|Connecticut]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Delaware|Delaware]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Florida|Florida]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Georgia|Georgia]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Hawaii|Hawaii]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Idaho|Idaho]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Illinois|Illinois]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Indiana|Indiana]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Iowa|Iowa]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Kansas|Kansas]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Kentucky|Kentucky]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Louisiana|Louisiana]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Maine|Maine]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Maryland|Maryland]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Massachusetts|Massachusetts]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Michigan|Michigan]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Minnesota|Minnesota]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Mississippi|Mississippi]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Missouri|Missouri]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Montana|Montana]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Nebraska|Nebraska]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Nevada|Nevada]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in New Hampshire|New Hampshire]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in New Jersey|New Jersey]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in New Mexico|New Mexico]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in New York|New York]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in North Carolina|North Carolina]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in North Dakota|North Dakota]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Ohio|Ohio]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Oklahoma|Oklahoma]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Oregon|Oregon]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Rhode Island|Rhode Island]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in South Carolina|South Carolina]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in South Dakota|South Dakota]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Tennessee|Tennessee]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Texas|Texas]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Utah|Utah]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Vermont|Vermont]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Virginia|Virginia]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Washington|Washington]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in West Virginia|West Virginia]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Wisconsin|Wisconsin]]
* [[:Category:Neurology providers in Wyoming|Wyoming]]
{{div col end}}

== List of Neurology doctors==
'''Comprehensive list of [[:Category:Neurology providers|Neurologists]]''' in the United States.
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
<categorytree mode="pages" namespaces="Main Category">Neurology providers</categorytree>
{{div col end}}
==See also== 
*[[List of people with multiple sclerosis]]


<references/>
{{stub}}
{{Multiple sclerosis}}
{{Diseases of the nervous system}}
{{Autoimmune diseases}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Multiple Sclerosis}}
[[Category:Multiple sclerosis| ]]
[[Category:Epstein–Barr virus-associated diseases]]
[[Category:RTT(full)]]
[[Category:RTTNEURO]]
[[Category:Ailments of unknown cause]]

Multiple sclerosis - Revision history

Prab: CSV import

Prab: CSV import

Prab: /* Find a neurologist */

Prab at 16:47, 3 September 2023