Prab: CSV import

2024-12-11T03:01:50Z

CSV import

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:01, 11 December 2024
Line 1:		Line 1:
	= Monochorionic ~~Twins~~ =		{{Short description\|Detailed information on monochorionic twins}}
			{{Infobox medical condition
			\| name = Monochorionic twins
			\| image = Placentation.svg
			\| caption = Diagram showing different types of placentation in twins
			\| field = Obstetrics
			}}

	Monochorionic twins are a type of ~~monozygotic (identical)~~ twin pregnancy ~~characterized by~~ the ~~sharing of~~ a single ~~placenta by~~ the ~~twins~~. This condition ~~represents~~ a ~~specific and somewhat more complex scenario within twin pregnancies, given the shared blood circulation~~ that ~~can lead to unique risks and complications~~. Monochorionic twins ~~occur in approximately 0.3% of all pregnancies, with seventy-five percent of monozygotic twin pregnancies being monochorionic, while the remaining 25%~~ are ~~dichorionic diamniotic~~.		'''Monochorionic twins''' are a type of [[twin]] pregnancy where the twins share a single [[chorion]], the outer membrane that surrounds the [[amniotic sac]] and the developing embryos. This condition occurs in [[monozygotic twins]], which are twins that originate from a single fertilized egg that splits into two embryos. Monochorionic twins are always identical twins.

	~~[[File:MM-~~twins.~~png\|thumb\|Ultrasound image showing monochorionic~~ twins~~, with~~ a single placenta ~~supporting both fetuses~~.]]		==Development==
			Monochorionic twins develop when the fertilized egg splits between 4 to 8 days after fertilization. This timing results in the twins sharing a single placenta, which can lead to unique complications not seen in dichorionic twins, who have separate placentas.

	== ~~Development~~ ==		==Complications==
	~~In monochorionic~~ twin pregnancies, the division of the fertilized egg that results in monozygotic twins occurs within the first three days after fertilization. If the division happens after this period but before the formation of the embryonic disk, the twins will share a single placenta ~~but have separate amniotic sacs, making them monochorionic diamniotic twins, the most common type of monochorionic twins~~.		Monochorionic twin pregnancies are at higher risk for certain complications due to the shared placenta. These include:

	~~<youtube>~~		* '''Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS)''': A condition where blood flows unevenly between the twins through shared placental vessels, leading to one twin receiving too much blood and the other too little.
	~~title=~~'''~~{{PAGENAME}}~~'''		* '''Twin anemia-polycythemia sequence (TAPS)''': A form of TTTS where there is a slow, chronic transfusion of blood from one twin to the other, leading to anemia in one twin and polycythemia in the other.
	~~movie_url=http~~:~~//www.youtube~~.~~com/v/ERMt3H6f9BI~~		* '''Selective intrauterine growth restriction (sIUGR)''': Occurs when one twin receives less blood flow and nutrients, resulting in restricted growth compared to the co-twin.
	~~&rel=1~~		* '''Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence''': A rare condition where one twin, the "acardiac twin," lacks a functioning heart and is perfused by the other twin, the "pump twin."
	~~embed_source_url=http~~:~~//www.youtube~~.~~com/v/ERMt3H6f9BI~~
	~~&rel=1~~
	~~wrap = yes~~
	~~width=750~~
	~~height=600~~
	~~</youtube>~~

	== ~~Risks and Complications~~ ==		==Diagnosis==
	Monochorionic twins ~~face several potential risks and complications due to the shared placental circulation, including:~~		Monochorionic twins are typically diagnosed through [[ultrasound]] imaging. Key ultrasound findings include:
	~~- '''Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS)''': A condition where abnormal blood vessel connections in the placenta lead to unequal blood flow between the twins.~~
	~~- '''Selective Intrauterine Growth Restriction (sIUGR)''': Occurs when one twin receives less blood flow and nutrients, leading to restricted growth.~~
	~~- '''Twin Anemia-Polycythemia Sequence (TAPS)''': A form of chronic TTTS where one twin becomes anemic and the other polycythemic~~.
	~~- '''Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion (TRAP) Sequence'''~~: ~~A rare complication where one twin pumps blood for both itself and a non-viable twin.~~

	~~== Diagnosis ==~~		* A single placenta
	~~Monochorionic~~ twins ~~are usually diagnosed through ultrasound in~~ the ~~first trimester~~, ~~where the presence of~~ a ~~single placenta with two gestational sacs can be observed. Early diagnosis is crucial for monitoring and managing potential complications.~~		* Absence of a thick dividing membrane between the twins
			* "T-sign" at the junction of the amniotic membranes and placenta, indicating a monochorionic, diamniotic pregnancy

	~~== Management ==~~		[[File:Monoamniotic twins at 15 weeks.jpg\|thumb\|Monoamniotic twins at 15 weeks gestation]]
	~~Management of monochorionic twin pregnancies involves close monitoring through frequent ultrasounds to assess the~~ twins' growth, amniotic fluid levels, and signs of any complications like TTTS. In some cases, interventions such as amnioreduction, laser therapy for TTTS, or selective fetal reduction may be necessary to address complications and improve outcomes.

	== ~~Outcomes~~ ==		==Management==
	~~With careful monitoring and appropriate interventions when necessary, many~~ monochorionic twin pregnancies ~~can have positive outcomes~~. ~~However~~, ~~these pregnancies are at a higher risk for preterm birth~~ and ~~require delivery in a facility equipped to handle potential neonatal complications~~.		Management of monochorionic twin pregnancies involves close monitoring to detect complications early. This includes frequent ultrasounds to assess growth, amniotic fluid levels, and Doppler studies of the umbilical arteries. In cases of TTTS, treatment options such as laser photocoagulation of placental vessels may be considered.

	== ~~External Links~~ ==		==Prognosis==
	* [https://www.~~acog~~.~~org/womens-health/faqs/multiple~~-~~pregnancy American College of Obstetricians~~ and ~~Gynecologists - Multiple Pregnancy]~~		The prognosis for monochorionic twins depends on the presence and severity of complications. With early detection and appropriate management, outcomes can be improved. However, these pregnancies are generally considered high-risk and require specialized care.
	* [https://www.~~tttsfoundation.org/ The Twin to Twin Transfusion Syndrome Foundation]~~

	== ~~References~~ ==		==Also see==
	~~<references />~~		* [[Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome]]
			* [[Monoamniotic twins]]
			* [[Dichorionic twins]]
			* [[Multiple birth]]

			==References==
			* {{Cite journal \|last1=Lewi \|first1=L. \|last2=Jani \|first2=J. \|last3=Gucciardo \|first3=L. \|last4=Huygen \|first4=N. \|last5=Deprest \|first5=J. \|title=The outcome of monochorionic diamniotic twin gestations in the era of invasive fetal therapy: a prospective cohort study \|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology \|volume=199 \|issue=5 \|pages=514.e1–514.e8 \|year=2008 \|doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2008.04.021}}
			* {{Cite book \|last=Benirschke \|first=Kurt \|title=Pathology of the Human Placenta \|year=2012 \|publisher=Springer \|isbn=978-3-642-23941-0}}

			[[Category:Twin studies]]
	[[Category:Obstetrics]]		[[Category:Obstetrics]]
	[[Category:~~Twin~~]]		[[Category:Pregnancy]]
	~~[[Category:Reproductive system]]~~
	~~{{stub}}~~

Kondreddy Naveen at 18:12, 9 February 2024

2024-02-09T18:12:26Z

New page

= Monochorionic Twins =

Monochorionic twins are a type of monozygotic (identical) twin pregnancy characterized by the sharing of a single placenta by the twins. This condition represents a specific and somewhat more complex scenario within twin pregnancies, given the shared blood circulation that can lead to unique risks and complications. Monochorionic twins occur in approximately 0.3% of all pregnancies, with seventy-five percent of monozygotic twin pregnancies being monochorionic, while the remaining 25% are dichorionic diamniotic.

[[File:MM-twins.png|thumb|Ultrasound image showing monochorionic twins, with a single placenta supporting both fetuses.]]

== Development ==
In monochorionic twin pregnancies, the division of the fertilized egg that results in monozygotic twins occurs within the first three days after fertilization. If the division happens after this period but before the formation of the embryonic disk, the twins will share a single placenta but have separate amniotic sacs, making them monochorionic diamniotic twins, the most common type of monochorionic twins.

<youtube>
title='''{{PAGENAME}}'''
movie_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/ERMt3H6f9BI
&rel=1
embed_source_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/ERMt3H6f9BI
&rel=1
wrap = yes
width=750
height=600
</youtube>

== Risks and Complications ==
Monochorionic twins face several potential risks and complications due to the shared placental circulation, including:
- '''Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS)''': A condition where abnormal blood vessel connections in the placenta lead to unequal blood flow between the twins.
- '''Selective Intrauterine Growth Restriction (sIUGR)''': Occurs when one twin receives less blood flow and nutrients, leading to restricted growth.
- '''Twin Anemia-Polycythemia Sequence (TAPS)''': A form of chronic TTTS where one twin becomes anemic and the other polycythemic.
- '''Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion (TRAP) Sequence''': A rare complication where one twin pumps blood for both itself and a non-viable twin.

== Diagnosis ==
Monochorionic twins are usually diagnosed through ultrasound in the first trimester, where the presence of a single placenta with two gestational sacs can be observed. Early diagnosis is crucial for monitoring and managing potential complications.

== Management ==
Management of monochorionic twin pregnancies involves close monitoring through frequent ultrasounds to assess the twins' growth, amniotic fluid levels, and signs of any complications like TTTS. In some cases, interventions such as amnioreduction, laser therapy for TTTS, or selective fetal reduction may be necessary to address complications and improve outcomes.

== Outcomes ==
With careful monitoring and appropriate interventions when necessary, many monochorionic twin pregnancies can have positive outcomes. However, these pregnancies are at a higher risk for preterm birth and require delivery in a facility equipped to handle potential neonatal complications.

== External Links ==
* [https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/multiple-pregnancy American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists - Multiple Pregnancy]
* [https://www.tttsfoundation.org/ The Twin to Twin Transfusion Syndrome Foundation]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Obstetrics]]
[[Category:Twin]]
[[Category:Reproductive system]]
{{stub}}

Monochorionic twins - Revision history

Prab: CSV import

Kondreddy Naveen at 18:12, 9 February 2024