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			File:Site_pattern_frequencies_models.jpg\|Site pattern frequencies models
			File:Five_Stages_of_Molecular_Phylogenetic_Analysis.png\|Five Stages of Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis
			File:Ortholog_paralog_analog_examples.svg\|Ortholog, Paralog, and Analog Examples
			File:Hedgehog_with_Albinism.jpg\|Hedgehog with Albinism
			File:Animal_cells_SwissBioPics_DL20221120.svg\|Animal cells
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'''Molecular evolution''' is a process of change in the sequence composition of cellular molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins across generations. The field of molecular evolution uses principles of evolutionary biology and population genetics to explain patterns in these changes. Major topics in molecular evolution concern the rates and impacts of single nucleotide changes, neutral evolution vs. natural selection, origins of new genes, the genetic nature of complex traits, the genetic basis of speciation, evolution of development, and ways that evolutionary forces influence genomic and phenotypic changes.

== History ==

The study of molecular evolution first became possible in the 1960s, following the rise of molecular biology. The advent of protein sequencing allowed molecular biologists to create phylogenies based on sequence comparison, and to make inferences about the genes and proteins involved in evolution.

== Principles ==

=== Genetic Variation ===

[[Genetic variation]] is the basis for molecular evolution. Each genetic variation is a different version of the same basic blueprint. It is the combined effect of these genetic variations that leads to the evolution of species over time.

=== Mutation ===

[[Mutation]] is a change in the DNA sequence of a cell's genome and is the ultimate source of genetic variation. Mutations can be caused by errors in DNA replication, or by exposure to radiation or chemicals.

=== Natural Selection ===

[[Natural selection]] is the process by which certain genetic traits become more or less common in a population due to the effects of inherited traits on the differential reproductive success of organisms interacting with their environment.

== Molecular Clock ==

The [[molecular clock]] is a technique in molecular evolution that uses fossil constraints and rates of molecular change to deduce the time in geologic history when two species or other taxa diverged.

== See Also ==

* [[Evolution]]
* [[Genetic drift]]
* [[Population genetics]]

== References ==

<references />

[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Genetics]]
[[Category:Evolution]]

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Molecular evolution - Revision history

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