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[[File:Gregor_Mendel.png|Gregor Mendel|thumb]] [[File:Gregor_Mendel_-_characteristics_of_pea_plants_-_english.png|Gregor Mendel - characteristics of pea plants - english|thumb|left]] [[File:Dominant-recessive_inheritance_-_flowers_of_pea_plants.png|Dominant-recessive inheritance - flowers of pea plants|thumb|left]] [[File:Mendel-flowers.jpg|Mendel-flowers|thumb]] [[File:Dominant-recessive_inheritance_P_-_F1_-_F2.png|Dominant-recessive inheritance P - F1 - F2|thumb]] [[File:Intermediate_inheritance_P_-_F1_-_F2.png|Intermediate inheritance P - F1 - F2|thumb]] '''Mendelian inheritance''' refers to the patterns of [[inheritance]] of [[traits]] and [[genes]] that were first identified by [[Gregor Mendel]] in the 19th century. Through his work on [[pea plants]], Mendel discovered that traits are inherited in predictable ways from parents to offspring. His findings laid the foundation for the field of [[genetics]] and are fundamental to understanding how traits are passed down through generations.

==Principles of Mendelian Inheritance==
Mendelian inheritance is based on three key principles:

===Law of Segregation===
The '''Law of Segregation''' states that every individual possesses two [[alleles]] for each [[gene]], one inherited from each parent. These alleles segregate (separate) during the formation of [[gametes]] (sperm and eggs), ensuring that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene. This principle explains why offspring may inherit one of several traits from their parents.

===Law of Independent Assortment===
The '''Law of Independent Assortment''' describes how alleles of different genes are distributed independently of one another from parents to offspring. This means the inheritance of an allele for one trait does not influence the inheritance of an allele for another trait, provided the genes are on different [[chromosomes]] or far apart on the same chromosome.

===Law of Dominance===
The '''Law of Dominance''' states that when two different alleles are present in an organism, one may be dominant and the other recessive. The dominant allele is expressed in the organism's phenotype, while the recessive allele is not, unless the organism is [[homozygous]] for the recessive allele.

==Extensions and Modifications==
While Mendel's principles provide a framework for understanding genetic inheritance, later research has shown that inheritance can be more complex due to factors such as [[codominance]], [[incomplete dominance]], and [[polygenic inheritance]]. Additionally, [[linkage]] occurs when genes are located close together on the same chromosome, leading to an exception to the law of independent assortment.

==Genetic Disorders and Mendelian Inheritance==
Many [[genetic disorders]] follow Mendelian inheritance patterns. These can be categorized into autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant, and X-linked recessive disorders, depending on the affected gene's location and whether the trait is dominant or recessive.

==Impact on Modern Genetics==
Mendel's work, though initially overlooked, was rediscovered at the turn of the 20th century and has since been recognized as the foundation of classical genetics. His principles have been applied in various fields, including [[genetic counseling]], [[plant and animal breeding]], and [[molecular biology]], to predict the inheritance of traits and understand the genetic basis of diseases.

[[Category:Genetics]]
{{Genetics-stub}}

Mendelian inheritance - Revision history

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