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{{short description|Interdisciplinary field studying the properties of matter}}
{{redirect|Materials|other uses|Material (disambiguation)}}

'''Materials science''' is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of science and engineering. It encompasses elements of physics, chemistry, and engineering to understand the fundamental properties of materials and how they can be manipulated to create new materials with desired properties.

==Overview==
Materials science investigates the relationship between the structure of materials at atomic or molecular scales and their macroscopic properties. It is a critical field for the development of new technologies and has applications in a wide range of industries, including [[aerospace]], [[biotechnology]], [[electronics]], and [[energy]].

[[File:Materials_classification.svg|Materials classification|thumb|right]]

==History==
The study of materials dates back to the [[Bronze Age]], when humans first began to manipulate metals to create tools and weapons. The development of [[metallurgy]] laid the foundation for modern materials science. During the [[Industrial Revolution]], advances in [[chemistry]] and [[physics]] led to the development of new materials such as [[steel]] and [[rubber]].

[[File:Sword_bronze_age_(2nd_version).jpg|Bronze Age sword|thumb|left]]

In the 20th century, the field expanded to include the study of [[polymers]], [[ceramics]], and [[composites]]. The discovery of [[semiconductors]] revolutionized the electronics industry, leading to the development of [[transistors]] and [[integrated circuits]].

==Key Concepts==

===Structure===
The structure of a material is a key determinant of its properties. Materials scientists study the arrangement of atoms in a material and how this arrangement affects the material's properties. The structure can be classified into different levels:

* '''Atomic structure''': The arrangement of atoms in a material.
* '''Microstructure''': The arrangement of grains or phases within a material.
* '''Macrostructure''': The overall structure of a material, including defects and interfaces.

[[File:Diamond_cuboctahedron.jpg|Diamond cuboctahedron|thumb|right]]

===Properties===
Materials have a wide range of properties that can be classified into several categories:

* '''Mechanical properties''': Include strength, ductility, and hardness.
* '''Thermal properties''': Include thermal conductivity and thermal expansion.
* '''Electrical properties''': Include conductivity and resistivity.
* '''Magnetic properties''': Include magnetization and permeability.
* '''Optical properties''': Include refractive index and absorption.

[[File:Materials_science_tetrahedron;structure,_processing,_performance,_and_proprerties.svg|Materials science tetrahedron|thumb|left]]

===Processing===
The processing of materials involves the methods used to shape and form materials into desired forms. This includes techniques such as casting, forging, and [[3D printing]]. The processing of a material can significantly affect its properties and performance.

===Performance===
The performance of a material is determined by its ability to function under specific conditions. This includes its durability, reliability, and efficiency in a given application.

==Applications==
Materials science has a wide range of applications in various industries:

* '''Aerospace''': Development of lightweight and strong materials for aircraft and spacecraft.
* '''Biotechnology''': Creation of biocompatible materials for medical implants and devices.
* '''Electronics''': Design of materials for semiconductors and electronic components.
* '''Energy''': Development of materials for solar cells, batteries, and fuel cells.

[[File:Perovskite.jpg|Perovskite crystal structure|thumb|right]]

==Emerging Materials==

===Nanomaterials===
Nanomaterials are materials with structures on the nanometer scale. They have unique properties that differ from bulk materials, making them useful in a variety of applications, including [[nanotechnology]] and [[medicine]].

[[File:Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png|Buckminsterfullerene|thumb|left]]

===Smart Materials===
Smart materials can change their properties in response to external stimuli such as temperature, pressure, or electric fields. They are used in applications such as [[sensors]] and [[actuators]].

===Biomaterials===
Biomaterials are materials that are compatible with biological systems. They are used in medical applications such as [[prosthetics]] and [[tissue engineering]].

==Related Pages==
* [[Metallurgy]]
* [[Polymer science]]
* [[Ceramic engineering]]
* [[Composite material]]
* [[Nanotechnology]]

[[File:Pearlite.jpg|Pearlite microstructure|thumb|right]]

==See Also==
* [[Solid-state physics]]
* [[Crystallography]]
* [[Surface science]]
* [[Materials engineering]]

[[File:Eutektikum_new.svg|Eutectic phase diagram|thumb|left]]

==External Links==
* [https://www.materialstoday.com/ Materials Today]
* [https://www.mrs.org/ Materials Research Society]

[[File:CNTSEM.JPG|Carbon nanotube SEM image|thumb|right]]

[[Category:Materials science]]

Materials science - Revision history

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