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<p>CSV import</p> <p><b>New page</b></p><div>== MNS Antigen System ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Red blood cell.png|thumb|right|250px|Red blood cell with MNS antigens on its surface]]<br /> <br /> The &#039;&#039;&#039;MNS antigen system&#039;&#039;&#039; is a human blood group system based upon two genes (glycophorin A and glycophorin B) on chromosome 4. The MNS system is one of the five major human blood group systems recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion, alongside the [[ABO blood group system|ABO]], [[Rh blood group system|Rh]], [[Kell antigen system|Kell]], and [[Duffy antigen system|Duffy]] systems.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> The MNS antigen system was first discovered in 1927 by [[Karl Landsteiner]] and [[Philip Levine]], who identified the M and N antigens. The S and s antigens were later discovered in 1947.<br /> <br /> == Genetics ==<br /> <br /> The MNS system is controlled by two closely linked genes located on chromosome 4, known as [[glycophorin A]] (GYPA) and [[glycophorin B]] (GYPB). These genes encode the M, N, S, and s antigens.<br /> <br /> == Antigens ==<br /> <br /> The MNS system includes numerous antigens, the most important of which are M, N, S, s, and U. The M and N antigens are produced by the GYPA gene, while the S, s, and U antigens are produced by the GYPB gene.<br /> <br /> == Clinical Significance ==<br /> <br /> The MNS antigens are clinically significant in [[blood transfusion]] and [[pregnancy]]. Antibodies to these antigens can cause [[hemolytic disease of the newborn]] (HDN) and [[hemolytic transfusion reaction]] (HTR).<br /> <br /> == See Also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Blood type]]<br /> * [[Blood transfusion]]<br /> * [[Hemolytic disease of the newborn]]<br /> * [[Hemolytic transfusion reaction]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Blood]]<br /> [[Category:Immunology]]<br /> [[Category:Genetics]]<br /> [[Category:Blood transfusion]]<br /> [[Category:Antigens]]</div>

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