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[[File:Lisp_logo.svg|thumb|Lisp_logo]] [[file:LISP_machine.jpg|right|thumb|LISP_machine]] [[file:4.3_BSD_UWisc_VAX_Emulation_Lisp_Manual.png|right|thumb|4.3_BSD_UWisc_VAX_Emulation_Lisp_Manual]] [[file:Cons-cells.svg|thumb|Cons-cells]] {{Short description|Programming language}}
{{Infobox programming language
| name = Lisp
| logo =
| logo caption =
| paradigm = [[Multi-paradigm programming language|Multi-paradigm]]: [[functional programming|functional]], [[procedural programming|procedural]], [[reflective programming|reflective]], [[meta programming|meta]]
| family = [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]]
| designer = [[John McCarthy (computer scientist)|John McCarthy]]
| developer =
| latest release version =
| latest release date =
| typing = [[Dynamic typing|Dynamic]], [[strong typing|strong]]
| scope = [[Lexical scope|Lexical]]
| programming language =
| dialects = [[Common Lisp]], [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]], [[Clojure]], [[Emacs Lisp]], [[Racket (programming language)|Racket]]
| influenced by = [[Lambda calculus]], [[Fortran]]
| influenced = [[C (programming language)|C]], [[JavaScript]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]], [[Haskell (programming language)|Haskell]], [[Julia (programming language)|Julia]]
| platform = [[Cross-platform]]
| operating system = [[Unix]], [[Linux]], [[Windows]], [[macOS]]
| license =
| file ext = .lisp, .lsp, .cl, .el
| website =
}}

'''Lisp''' (historically, '''LISP''') is a family of [[programming languages]] with a long history and a distinctive, fully parenthesized [[prefix notation]]. Originally specified in 1958, Lisp is the second-oldest high-level programming language in widespread use today. Only [[Fortran]] is older, by one year. Lisp has changed since its early days, and many dialects have existed over its history. Today, the most widely known general-purpose Lisp dialects are [[Common Lisp]] and [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]].

== History ==
Lisp was invented by [[John McCarthy (computer scientist)|John McCarthy]] in 1958 while he was at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]. He published its design in a paper in [[Communications of the ACM]] in 1960, entitled "Recursive Functions of Symbolic Expressions and Their Computation by Machine, Part I". Lisp was originally created as a practical mathematical notation for [[computer programs]], influenced by the [[lambda calculus]], and soon became the favored programming language for [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) research. As one of the earliest programming languages, Lisp pioneered many ideas in [[computer science]], including [[tree data structures]], [[automatic storage management]], [[dynamic typing]], [[conditionals]], [[higher-order functions]], [[recursion]], and the [[self-hosting compiler]].

== Syntax and Semantics ==
Lisp is known for its fully parenthesized prefix notation. All code and data are written as [[S-expressions]], or parenthesized lists. For example, the function call that adds 1 and 2 is written as:
<syntaxhighlight lang="lisp">
(+ 1 2)
</syntaxhighlight>
This syntax allows for easy manipulation of code as data, which is a key feature of Lisp.

== Dialects ==
Over its long history, many dialects of Lisp have been developed. Some of the most notable include:
* [[Common Lisp]]: A general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language that supports procedural, functional, and object-oriented programming.
* [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]]: A minimalist dialect of Lisp that emphasizes a smaller standard core with powerful tools for language extension.
* [[Clojure]]: A modern, functional dialect of Lisp that runs on the [[Java Virtual Machine]] (JVM) and emphasizes immutability and concurrency.
* [[Emacs Lisp]]: A dialect used as a scripting language by the [[Emacs]] text editor.
* [[Racket (programming language)|Racket]]: A descendant of Scheme, designed to be a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language.

== Influence ==
Lisp has had a significant influence on many other programming languages and on the field of computer science as a whole. Languages such as [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]], and [[JavaScript]] have borrowed concepts from Lisp. The language's emphasis on [[recursion]] and [[higher-order functions]] has also influenced the development of [[functional programming]].

== Applications ==
Lisp has been used in a variety of applications, particularly in the field of [[artificial intelligence]]. Its ability to easily manipulate symbolic information and its powerful macro system make it well-suited for AI research and development. Lisp is also used in [[academic research]], [[rapid prototyping]], and [[exploratory programming]].

== See also ==
* [[Common Lisp]]
* [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]]
* [[Clojure]]
* [[Emacs Lisp]]
* [[Racket (programming language)|Racket]]
* [[Functional programming]]
* [[Artificial intelligence]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikibooks|Lisp}}
{{Wikiversity|Lisp}}
{{Wiktionary|Lisp}}

[[Category:Programming languages]]
[[Category:Functional programming languages]]
[[Category:Procedural programming languages]]
[[Category:Reflective programming languages]]
[[Category:Meta programming languages]]
[[Category:Artificial intelligence]]
[[Category:Computer science]]

{{Programming-language-stub}}

Lisp (programming language) - Revision history

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