Kell antigen system - Revision history

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	[[Category:Blood antigen systems]]		[[Category:Blood antigen systems]]
	[[Category:Transfusion medicine]]		[[Category:Transfusion medicine]]
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			File:Serology interpretation of antibody panel for blood group antigens.jpg\|Kell antigen system
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	= Kell ~~Antigen System~~ =		{{Short description\|Human blood group system}}
			{{Infobox blood group system
			\| name = Kell antigen system
			\| image = Serology interpretation of antibody panel for blood group antigens.jpg
			\| image_caption = Serology interpretation of antibody panel for blood group antigens
			\| genes = [[KEL (gene)\|KEL]]
			\| antigens = K, k, Kp<sup>a</sup>, Kp<sup>b</sup>, Js<sup>a</sup>, Js<sup>b</sup>
			\| antibodies = Anti-K, Anti-k, Anti-Kp<sup>a</sup>, Anti-Kp<sup>b</sup>, Anti-Js<sup>a</sup>, Anti-Js<sup>b</sup>
			}}

	The Kell antigen system is a ~~complex blood~~ group ~~system that encompasses a variety~~ of antigens on the red blood cell surface~~, with~~ the ~~K and k antigens being~~ the ~~most significant~~. ~~This~~ system ~~plays a crucial role in~~ blood ~~transfusions and has important implications in obstetrics, particularly in cases of hemolytic disease of~~ the ~~fetus~~ and ~~newborn (HDFN)~~.		The '''Kell antigen system''' is a group of antigens on the human red blood cell surface that are important in blood transfusion medicine. The system is named after the first patient in whom the antibodies were discovered. The Kell blood group system is the third most important blood group system after the [[ABO blood group system\|ABO]] and [[Rh blood group system\|Rh]] systems.

	~~<youtube>~~		==Structure and Genetics==
	~~title~~=~~'''{{PAGENAME}}'''~~		The Kell antigen system is encoded by the [[KEL (gene)\|KEL gene]], which is located on chromosome 7. The KEL gene encodes a type II transmembrane glycoprotein that is expressed on the surface of red blood cells. The Kell protein is a zinc endopeptidase that is involved in the regulation of cell surface expression of other proteins.
	~~movie_url~~=~~http://www.youtube.com/v/y-lA2LznJyY~~
	~~&rel~~=1
	~~embed_source_url=http://www~~.~~youtube~~.~~com/v/y-lA2LznJyY~~
	~~&rel=1~~
	~~wrap = yes~~
	~~width=750~~
	~~height=600~~
	~~</youtube>~~

	~~== Genetics ==~~		The most clinically significant antigens in the Kell system are K (Kell) and k (Cellano). Other antigens include Kp<sup>a</sup>, Kp<sup>b</sup>, Js<sup>a</sup>, and Js<sup>b</sup>. The presence or absence of these antigens is determined by allelic variations in the KEL gene.
	The ~~Kell~~ antigens ~~are encoded by~~ the ~~KEL gene located on chromosome 7. The~~ system ~~is highly polymorphic, with more than 35 antigens identified, but the most clinically significant~~ are K (Kell) and k (Cellano). The presence or absence of these antigens is determined ~~genetically, with K being less common than k~~.

	== ~~Antigens~~ ==		==Clinical Significance==
	The ~~primary antigens within the~~ Kell system, ~~K and k, differ by a single amino acid on~~ the ~~Kell glycoprotein~~. The ~~K antigen is relatively rare (present in about 9% of the Caucasian population~~ and ~~less frequently in other populations), making the k antigen much more common. Other notable antigens~~ in the system ~~include Kpa, Kpb~~, and ~~Jsa~~.		The Kell antigen system is highly immunogenic, meaning that it can provoke an immune response in individuals who lack the antigen. The most common and clinically significant antibody in the Kell system is anti-K, which can cause [[hemolytic transfusion reaction]]s and [[hemolytic disease of the newborn]] (HDN).

	== ~~Clinical Significance~~ ==		===Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions===
	* Blood Transfusion		When a person who lacks the Kell antigen (K-negative) receives blood from a donor who is K-positive, they may develop anti-K antibodies. If the person is subsequently transfused with K-positive blood, these antibodies can cause a hemolytic transfusion reaction, which is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition.
	~~The~~ Kell antigen ~~system is of paramount importance in~~ blood ~~transfusion medicine. Individuals~~ who ~~lack a specific Kell antigen can~~ develop antibodies ~~against that antigen if exposed to it through~~ blood ~~transfusion or pregnancy. These~~ antibodies can cause transfusion ~~reactions and hemolytic disease of the fetus~~ and ~~newborn (HDFN)~~.

	* Hemolytic Disease of the ~~Fetus and~~ Newborn ~~(HDFN)~~		===Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn===
	~~HDFN occurs when there is an incompatibility between~~ the ~~Kell antigens~~ of ~~the mother and fetus. A Kell-negative mother can produce anti-Kell antibodies if exposed to~~ Kell-positive ~~fetal red blood cells~~, ~~potentially~~ leading to ~~fetal~~ anemia, ~~hydrops fetalis~~, and even fetal death.		Anti-K antibodies can also cross the placenta during pregnancy and attack the red blood cells of a Kell-positive fetus, leading to hemolytic disease of the newborn. This condition can result in severe anemia, jaundice, and even fetal death if not properly managed.

	== ~~Diagnosis~~ ==		==Testing and Compatibility==
	~~Diagnosis of~~ Kell ~~antigen~~ compatibility ~~is performed through blood typing~~ and ~~antibody screening~~. ~~In pregnant women, the detection of anti-Kell antibodies~~ is ~~crucial~~ for ~~the management and treatment~~ of ~~HDFN~~.		Blood banks routinely test for Kell antigens and antibodies to ensure compatibility between donors and recipients. This is especially important for women of childbearing age to prevent HDN.

	== ~~Management~~ ==		==Also see==
	* ~~Blood Transfusion~~		* [[ABO blood group system]]
	~~For patients requiring~~ blood ~~transfusion, compatibility testing includes screening for Kell antigens to prevent~~ the ~~formation of anti-Kell antibodies and avoid hemolytic~~ transfusion ~~reactions.~~		* [[Rh blood group system]]
			* [[Hemolytic disease of the newborn]]
			* [[Blood transfusion]]

	* Pregnancy		{{Blood group systems}}
	In cases of maternal anti-Kell antibodies, careful monitoring of the pregnancy is necessary, including ultrasound examinations to assess fetal well-being and, if necessary, intrauterine transfusions to treat fetal anemia.		[[Category:Blood antigen systems]]

	~~== Prevention ==~~
	~~Preventing the formation of anti-Kell antibodies is challenging but can be managed by ensuring blood transfusion compatibility and monitoring at-risk pregnancies for signs of HDFN.~~

	~~== External Links ==~~
	* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2268/ National Center for Biotechnology Information - Blood ~~Groups and Red Cell Antigens]~~
	* [https://www.aabb.org/aabb/NATL/the-kell-blood-group~~-system AABB - The Kell Blood Group System]~~

	~~== References ==~~
	~~<references />~~

	~~[[Category:Hematology]]~~
	[[Category:Blood]]
	[[Category:Transfusion medicine]]		[[Category:Transfusion medicine]]
	~~{{stub}}~~

Kondreddy Naveen: Created page with "= Kell Antigen System = The Kell antigen system is a complex blood group system that encompasses a variety of antigens on the red blood cell surface, with the K and k antigen..."

2024-02-09T21:16:50Z

Created page with "= Kell Antigen System = The Kell antigen system is a complex blood group system that encompasses a variety of antigens on the red blood cell surface, with the K and k antigen..."

New page

= Kell Antigen System =

The Kell antigen system is a complex blood group system that encompasses a variety of antigens on the red blood cell surface, with the K and k antigens being the most significant. This system plays a crucial role in blood transfusions and has important implications in obstetrics, particularly in cases of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN).

<youtube>
title='''{{PAGENAME}}'''
movie_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/y-lA2LznJyY
&rel=1
embed_source_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/y-lA2LznJyY
&rel=1
wrap = yes
width=750
height=600
</youtube>

== Genetics ==
The Kell antigens are encoded by the KEL gene located on chromosome 7. The system is highly polymorphic, with more than 35 antigens identified, but the most clinically significant are K (Kell) and k (Cellano). The presence or absence of these antigens is determined genetically, with K being less common than k.

== Antigens ==
The primary antigens within the Kell system, K and k, differ by a single amino acid on the Kell glycoprotein. The K antigen is relatively rare (present in about 9% of the Caucasian population and less frequently in other populations), making the k antigen much more common. Other notable antigens in the system include Kpa, Kpb, and Jsa.

== Clinical Significance ==
* Blood Transfusion
The Kell antigen system is of paramount importance in blood transfusion medicine. Individuals who lack a specific Kell antigen can develop antibodies against that antigen if exposed to it through blood transfusion or pregnancy. These antibodies can cause transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN).

* Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN)
HDFN occurs when there is an incompatibility between the Kell antigens of the mother and fetus. A Kell-negative mother can produce anti-Kell antibodies if exposed to Kell-positive fetal red blood cells, potentially leading to fetal anemia, hydrops fetalis, and even fetal death.

== Diagnosis ==
Diagnosis of Kell antigen compatibility is performed through blood typing and antibody screening. In pregnant women, the detection of anti-Kell antibodies is crucial for the management and treatment of HDFN.

== Management ==
* Blood Transfusion
For patients requiring blood transfusion, compatibility testing includes screening for Kell antigens to prevent the formation of anti-Kell antibodies and avoid hemolytic transfusion reactions.

* Pregnancy
In cases of maternal anti-Kell antibodies, careful monitoring of the pregnancy is necessary, including ultrasound examinations to assess fetal well-being and, if necessary, intrauterine transfusions to treat fetal anemia.

== Prevention ==
Preventing the formation of anti-Kell antibodies is challenging but can be managed by ensuring blood transfusion compatibility and monitoring at-risk pregnancies for signs of HDFN.

== External Links ==
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2268/ National Center for Biotechnology Information - Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens]
* [https://www.aabb.org/aabb/NATL/the-kell-blood-group-system AABB - The Kell Blood Group System]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Hematology]]
[[Category:Blood]]
[[Category:Transfusion medicine]]
{{stub}}