KRAS - Revision history

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2025-02-20T01:23:26Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 01:23, 20 February 2025
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	[[Category:Genes on human chromosome 12]]		[[Category:Genes on human chromosome 12]]
	[[Category:Signal transduction]]		[[Category:Signal transduction]]
			<gallery>
			File:KRAS protein G12C mutant with GDP and sotorasib 6OIM.png\|KRAS
			</gallery>

Prab: CSV import

2024-12-15T22:29:54Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 22:29, 15 December 2024
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	= KRAS ~~Gene~~ =		{{Short description\|An article about the KRAS gene and its significance in medicine}}
			{{Infobox gene
			\| name = KRAS
			\| image = KRAS protein structure.png
			\| caption = Structure of the KRAS protein
			\| symbol = KRAS
			\| HGNCid = 6407
			\| OMIM = 190070
			\| EntrezGene = 3845
			\| RefSeq = NM_004985
			\| UniProt = P01116
			\| chromosome = 12
			\| arm = p
			\| band = 12.1
			}}

	~~The~~ '''KRAS ~~gene~~''' is a ~~critical component of cellular signaling pathways, specifically the RAS/MAPK pathway. It~~ encodes ~~the~~ K-Ras ~~protein~~, a GTPase ~~involved~~ in ~~transmitting signals~~ that ~~affect the~~ cell's growth, ~~division~~, and ~~differentiation~~. ~~The~~ KRAS gene~~'s function is instrumental~~ in ~~normal cell physiology~~, ~~but mutations in this gene can lead to uncontrolled cell growth~~ and ~~cancer~~.		'''KRAS''' (Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) is a gene that encodes a protein called K-Ras, which is a member of the small GTPase superfamily. This protein plays a crucial role in cell signaling pathways that control cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Mutations in the KRAS gene are implicated in the development of various cancers, making it a significant focus of cancer research and targeted therapies.

	~~<youtube>~~		==Structure and Function==
	~~title~~=~~'''{{PAGENAME}}'''~~		The KRAS gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 12 (12p12.1). It encodes a protein that is part of the Ras family of GTPases. These proteins act as molecular switches that cycle between an active GTP-bound state and an inactive GDP-bound state. The active form of K-Ras transmits signals from cell surface receptors to intracellular signaling pathways, such as the [[MAPK/ERK pathway]] and the [[PI3K/AKT pathway]], which are involved in cell proliferation and survival.
	~~movie_url=http://www~~.~~youtube~~.~~com/v/bNbLvumCfYI~~
	~~&rel=1~~
	~~embed_source_url=http://www~~.~~youtube~~.~~com~~/v/~~bNbLvumCfYI~~
	~~&rel=1~~
	~~wrap = yes~~
	~~width=750~~
	~~height=600~~
	~~</youtube>~~

	== ~~Overview~~ ==		==Role in Cancer==
	KRAS ~~(Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) is one of~~ the human ~~genes encoding~~ a ~~protein called~~ K-Ras~~, an essential player in the RAS/MAPK pathway. This pathway is crucial~~ for ~~controlling the cell cycle, apoptosis (cell death),~~ cell growth, ~~and differentiation~~. ~~The K-Ras protein acts as a molecular switch~~, ~~cycling between an active (GTP-bound)~~ and ~~inactive (GDP~~-~~bound) state to relay signals from the~~ cell ~~membrane to the nucleus~~.		Mutations in the KRAS gene are among the most common oncogenic alterations in human cancers. These mutations often result in a constitutively active K-Ras protein that continuously signals for cell growth and division, bypassing normal regulatory mechanisms. KRAS mutations are particularly prevalent in [[pancreatic cancer]], [[colorectal cancer]], and [[non-small cell lung cancer]].

	~~[[File:KRAS protein 3GFT~~.~~png\|thumb\|Illustration~~ of ~~KRAS~~ signaling ~~in the cell~~.]]		The most common mutations occur at codons 12, 13, and 61, with the G12D, G12V, and G13D mutations being frequently observed. These mutations impair the GTPase activity of K-Ras, leading to persistent activation of downstream signaling pathways.

	== ~~Function~~ ==		==Clinical Implications==
	The KRAS ~~gene provides instructions~~ for ~~making the K-Ras protein~~, ~~which is a GTPase. This means it has the ability~~ to ~~hydrolyze GTP into GDP, thereby acting~~ as ~~a molecular switch within the cell~~. ~~When bound to GTP~~, ~~K-Ras~~ is in ~~its active form, relaying growth signals to the cell's nucleus. Conversely, when it hydrolyzes GTP to GDP, it becomes inactive, stopping~~ the ~~signal relay~~.		The presence of KRAS mutations in tumors has significant implications for treatment and prognosis. For instance, in colorectal cancer, KRAS mutations are associated with resistance to [[EGFR inhibitors]] such as cetuximab and panitumumab. Therefore, testing for KRAS mutations is a critical step in the management of patients with certain types of cancer.

	~~== Significance in Cancer ==~~		Recent advances in targeted therapy have led to the development of KRAS inhibitors, such as sotorasib, which specifically target the G12C mutation. These therapies represent a promising approach for treating cancers driven by KRAS mutations.
	~~Mutations~~ in the KRAS ~~gene are among~~ the ~~most common genetic changes observed in human cancers~~. These mutations often result in the K-Ras protein being permanently activated (always bound to GTP), leading to continuous cell growth and division signals irrespective of external cues. Such constitutive activation is a ~~hallmark of many cancers, including pancreatic, colorectal, and lung~~ cancers.

	== ~~Current~~ Research ==		==Research and Future Directions==
	~~Given its pivotal role in cancer,~~ the KRAS ~~gene~~ and ~~its protein product have been the focus of extensive research aimed at understanding and targeting~~ KRAS-~~driven tumorigenesis~~. ~~Efforts~~ include ~~developing~~ inhibitors ~~that specifically target mutant forms of the K-Ras protein~~ and ~~strategies~~ to ~~modulate the downstream effects of KRAS activation~~.		Ongoing research aims to better understand the biology of KRAS and to develop more effective therapies for KRAS-mutant cancers. Strategies include the development of direct KRAS inhibitors, targeting downstream effectors, and exploring combination therapies to overcome resistance mechanisms.

	== ~~Therapeutic Approaches~~ ==		==Also see==
	~~The challenge in targeting KRAS mutations in cancer therapy has been the difficulty in directly inhibiting the mutated K-~~Ras protein. However, recent advances have led to the development of promising compounds that can specifically inhibit KRAS G12C, a common mutation in lung cancer. These developments mark a significant breakthrough in the potential treatment of KRAS-mutant cancers.		* [[Ras subfamily]]
			* [[MAPK/ERK pathway]]
			* [[PI3K/AKT pathway]]
			* [[Oncogene]]
			* [[Tumor suppressor gene]]

	~~== External Links ==~~		{{Genetics-stub}}
	* [https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/kras-fact-sheet National Cancer ~~Institute - KRAS Fact Sheet]~~		{{Cancer-stub}}
	* [https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/KRAS National Human Genome Research Institute - ~~KRAS]~~

	~~== References ==~~		[[Category:Oncogenes]]
	~~<references/>~~		[[Category:Genes on human chromosome 12]]
	* ''Targeting KRAS for Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer: Hopes and Realities'' by European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO).		[[Category:Signal transduction]]
	* ''KRAS Mutations and their Role in Cancer Drug Resistance'' by The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics.

	[[Category:~~Genes~~]]
	[[Category:~~Cancer genetics~~]]
	[[Category:~~Molecular biology~~]]

	~~{{stub}}~~

Kondreddy Naveen at 23:03, 1 February 2024

2024-02-01T23:03:03Z

New page

= KRAS Gene =

The '''KRAS gene''' is a critical component of cellular signaling pathways, specifically the RAS/MAPK pathway. It encodes the K-Ras protein, a GTPase involved in transmitting signals that affect the cell's growth, division, and differentiation. The KRAS gene's function is instrumental in normal cell physiology, but mutations in this gene can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer.

<youtube>
title='''{{PAGENAME}}'''
movie_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/bNbLvumCfYI
&rel=1
embed_source_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/bNbLvumCfYI
&rel=1
wrap = yes
width=750
height=600
</youtube>

== Overview ==
KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) is one of the human genes encoding a protein called K-Ras, an essential player in the RAS/MAPK pathway. This pathway is crucial for controlling the cell cycle, apoptosis (cell death), cell growth, and differentiation. The K-Ras protein acts as a molecular switch, cycling between an active (GTP-bound) and inactive (GDP-bound) state to relay signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus.

[[File:KRAS protein 3GFT.png|thumb|Illustration of KRAS signaling in the cell.]]

== Function ==
The KRAS gene provides instructions for making the K-Ras protein, which is a GTPase. This means it has the ability to hydrolyze GTP into GDP, thereby acting as a molecular switch within the cell. When bound to GTP, K-Ras is in its active form, relaying growth signals to the cell's nucleus. Conversely, when it hydrolyzes GTP to GDP, it becomes inactive, stopping the signal relay.

== Significance in Cancer ==
Mutations in the KRAS gene are among the most common genetic changes observed in human cancers. These mutations often result in the K-Ras protein being permanently activated (always bound to GTP), leading to continuous cell growth and division signals irrespective of external cues. Such constitutive activation is a hallmark of many cancers, including pancreatic, colorectal, and lung cancers.

== Current Research ==
Given its pivotal role in cancer, the KRAS gene and its protein product have been the focus of extensive research aimed at understanding and targeting KRAS-driven tumorigenesis. Efforts include developing inhibitors that specifically target mutant forms of the K-Ras protein and strategies to modulate the downstream effects of KRAS activation.

== Therapeutic Approaches ==
The challenge in targeting KRAS mutations in cancer therapy has been the difficulty in directly inhibiting the mutated K-Ras protein. However, recent advances have led to the development of promising compounds that can specifically inhibit KRAS G12C, a common mutation in lung cancer. These developments mark a significant breakthrough in the potential treatment of KRAS-mutant cancers.

== External Links ==
* [https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/kras-fact-sheet National Cancer Institute - KRAS Fact Sheet]
* [https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/KRAS National Human Genome Research Institute - KRAS]

== References ==
<references/>
* ''Targeting KRAS for Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer: Hopes and Realities'' by European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO).
* ''KRAS Mutations and their Role in Cancer Drug Resistance'' by The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics.

[[Category:Genes]]
[[Category:Cancer genetics]]
[[Category:Molecular biology]]

{{stub}}