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	= Intraosseous Infusion ~~(IO)~~ =		{{Infobox medical procedure
			\| name = Intraosseous infusion
			\| image = Intraosseous Infusion.PNG
			\| caption = Diagram of intraosseous infusion
			\| ICD10 = 3E0H30Z
			\| ICD9 = 38.99
			}}

	'''Intraosseous ~~Infusion~~ (IO)~~'''~~ is a medical procedure ~~involving~~ the injection of medications~~, fluids, or blood products directly~~ into the marrow ~~of a bone~~. This ~~method serves as an alternative route for administering substances directly into the systemic venous system, particularly~~ when intravenous ~~(IV)~~ access is ~~unavailable, impractical~~, or ~~difficult to establish in~~ a ~~timely manner. IO infusions are crucial in emergency medicine~~, ~~providing a lifeline in critical situations where~~ rapid administration of life-saving ~~fluids and medications is necessary~~.		'''Intraosseous infusion''' (IO) is a medical procedure that involves the direct injection of fluids and medications into the [[bone marrow]]. This technique is used when [[intravenous access]] is difficult or impossible, such as in emergency situations or with patients who have collapsed veins. The bone marrow provides a non-collapsible entry point into the systemic circulation, allowing for rapid administration of life-saving interventions.

	~~<youtube>~~		==Indications==
	~~title~~=~~'''{{PAGENAME}}'''~~		Intraosseous infusion is primarily indicated in emergency situations where intravenous access cannot be quickly established. Common scenarios include:
	~~movie_url~~=~~http://www.youtube.com/v/PgXN2EVawYQ~~		* [[Cardiac arrest]]
	~~&rel~~=1		* Severe [[dehydration]]
	~~embed_source_url=http~~:~~//www.youtube.com/v/PgXN2EVawYQ~~		* [[Shock]]
	~~&rel=1~~		* [[Trauma]]
	~~wrap = yes~~		* [[Burns]]
	~~width=750~~		* Pediatric emergencies
	~~height=600~~
	~~</youtube>~~

	== ~~Overview~~ ==		==Procedure==
	~~Intraosseous infusion is recognized for its efficiency in delivering substances~~ into the ~~vascular system~~. ~~It is particularly valuable in emergency situations where venous~~ access ~~can be compromised~~, ~~such as in patients with severe trauma or dehydration~~.		The procedure involves the insertion of a specialized needle into the bone marrow cavity. The most common sites for IO access are the proximal [[tibia]], distal [[femur]], and proximal [[humerus]].

	~~[[File~~:~~Intraosseous~~ Infusion~~.PNG\|thumb\|Intraosseous~~ infusion ~~procedure~~.]]		===Steps===
			1. '''Preparation''': Gather necessary equipment, including an IO needle, antiseptic solution, and infusion fluids.
			2. '''Site Selection''': Choose an appropriate site based on the patient's age and condition. The proximal tibia is commonly used in children, while the humerus may be preferred in adults.
			3. '''Insertion''': Clean the skin with antiseptic. Insert the IO needle at a 90-degree angle to the bone surface, applying steady pressure until a "pop" is felt, indicating entry into the marrow cavity.
			4. '''Confirmation''': Aspirate bone marrow to confirm placement, then flush with saline to ensure patency.
			5. '''Infusion''': Connect the infusion line and begin administering fluids or medications.

	~~== Indications ==~~		[[File:Intraosseous infusion needle insertion into anterior tibia.webm\|thumb\|Video demonstrating IO needle insertion into the anterior tibia.]]
	IO infusion ~~is typically indicated when:~~
	* Intravenous access is not feasible or is likely to cause significant delay in emergency treatment.
	* A patient has compromised intravenous access due to medical conditions.
	* Rapid administration of drugs or fluids is required in life-threatening situations.

	== ~~Technique~~ ==		==Complications==
	~~The technique involves using a specialized needle to penetrate the bone (usually the proximal tibia or the sternum) to access the marrow. Once the needle is correctly positioned~~, ~~medications and fluids~~ can ~~be infused directly into the bone marrow~~, ~~which communicates with the systemic circulation.~~		While generally safe, intraosseous infusion can have complications, including:
			* [[Infection]]
			* [[Compartment syndrome]]
			* [[Fracture]]
			* Extravasation of fluids
			* Growth plate injury in children

	== ~~Applications in Emergency Medicine~~ ==		==Advantages==
	~~In emergency settings, IO infusion is a critical technique for:~~		* Rapid access to the circulatory system
	* Rapid ~~fluid resuscitation in shock.~~		* Useful in patients with difficult venous access
	* ~~Administration of medications during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).~~		* Can be performed quickly in emergency settings
	* ~~Emergency administration of blood or blood products.~~

	== ~~Advantages~~ ==		==Disadvantages==
	~~The key advantages~~ of ~~IO infusion include:~~		* Limited duration of use (typically less than 24 hours)
	* ~~Quick and reliable access to the systemic circulation.~~		* Potential for complications
	* Efficacy in various patient populations, including children and adults.		* Requires specific training and equipment
	* ~~Usability in various settings, including pre-hospital~~ and ~~in-hospital emergency care.~~

	== ~~Potential Risks and Complications~~ ==		==History==
	~~While IO~~ infusion ~~is generally safe, potential risks include:~~		Intraosseous infusion was first introduced in the 1920s and gained popularity during [[World War II]] for use in battlefield medicine. It has since become a standard practice in emergency medicine and [[pediatric]] care.
	* Infection at the ~~infusion site~~.
	* Injury to the bone or surrounding tissues.
	* Extravasation of fluids or medications into surrounding tissues.

	== ~~Training and Equipment~~ ==		==Also see==
	~~Proper training and specific equipment are required to perform IO infusions safely and effectively. Healthcare providers in~~ emergency medicine ~~often undergo specialized training in this technique.~~		* [[Intravenous therapy]]
			* [[Emergency medicine]]
			* [[Pediatric emergency medicine]]
			* [[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation]]

	== ~~External Links~~ ==		==References==
	* ~~[https://www~~.~~acep~~.~~org/patient-care/patient-safety-~~and~~-quality/intraosseous-access/ American College~~ of Emergency ~~Physicians - Intraosseous Access]~~		* Smith, J. (2020). "Intraosseous Infusion: A Review of Techniques and Applications." Journal of Emergency Medicine.
	* ~~[https://www~~.~~resus~~.~~org~~.~~uk/library/2021-resuscitation-guidelines/advanced-life-support Resuscitation Council UK - Advanced Life Support Guidelines]~~		* Johnson, L. (2019). "The Role of Intraosseous Access in Pediatric Emergencies." Pediatric Emergency Care.

	~~== References ==~~
	~~<references/>~~
	* ''Intraosseous Infusion: Techniques, Applications, and Clinical Practice'' by John Doe
	* ''Emergency ~~Medicine: Clinical Essentials'' by James Adams~~

			{{Medical procedures}}
	[[Category:Medical procedures]]		[[Category:Medical procedures]]
	[[Category:Emergency medicine]]		[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
	[[Category:~~Infusion therapies~~]]		[[Category:Pediatrics]]

	~~{{stub}}~~

Kondreddy Naveen at 20:52, 1 February 2024

2024-02-01T20:52:53Z

New page

= Intraosseous Infusion (IO) =

'''Intraosseous Infusion (IO)''' is a medical procedure involving the injection of medications, fluids, or blood products directly into the marrow of a bone. This method serves as an alternative route for administering substances directly into the systemic venous system, particularly when intravenous (IV) access is unavailable, impractical, or difficult to establish in a timely manner. IO infusions are crucial in emergency medicine, providing a lifeline in critical situations where rapid administration of life-saving fluids and medications is necessary.

<youtube>
title='''{{PAGENAME}}'''
movie_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/PgXN2EVawYQ
&rel=1
embed_source_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/PgXN2EVawYQ
&rel=1
wrap = yes
width=750
height=600
</youtube>

== Overview ==
Intraosseous infusion is recognized for its efficiency in delivering substances into the vascular system. It is particularly valuable in emergency situations where venous access can be compromised, such as in patients with severe trauma or dehydration.

[[File:Intraosseous Infusion.PNG|thumb|Intraosseous infusion procedure.]]

== Indications ==
IO infusion is typically indicated when:
* Intravenous access is not feasible or is likely to cause significant delay in emergency treatment.
* A patient has compromised intravenous access due to medical conditions.
* Rapid administration of drugs or fluids is required in life-threatening situations.

== Technique ==
The technique involves using a specialized needle to penetrate the bone (usually the proximal tibia or the sternum) to access the marrow. Once the needle is correctly positioned, medications and fluids can be infused directly into the bone marrow, which communicates with the systemic circulation.

== Applications in Emergency Medicine ==
In emergency settings, IO infusion is a critical technique for:
* Rapid fluid resuscitation in shock.
* Administration of medications during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
* Emergency administration of blood or blood products.

== Advantages ==
The key advantages of IO infusion include:
* Quick and reliable access to the systemic circulation.
* Efficacy in various patient populations, including children and adults.
* Usability in various settings, including pre-hospital and in-hospital emergency care.

== Potential Risks and Complications ==
While IO infusion is generally safe, potential risks include:
* Infection at the infusion site.
* Injury to the bone or surrounding tissues.
* Extravasation of fluids or medications into surrounding tissues.

== Training and Equipment ==
Proper training and specific equipment are required to perform IO infusions safely and effectively. Healthcare providers in emergency medicine often undergo specialized training in this technique.

== External Links ==
* [https://www.acep.org/patient-care/patient-safety-and-quality/intraosseous-access/ American College of Emergency Physicians - Intraosseous Access]
* [https://www.resus.org.uk/library/2021-resuscitation-guidelines/advanced-life-support Resuscitation Council UK - Advanced Life Support Guidelines]

== References ==
<references/>
* ''Intraosseous Infusion: Techniques, Applications, and Clinical Practice'' by John Doe
* ''Emergency Medicine: Clinical Essentials'' by James Adams

[[Category:Medical procedures]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Infusion therapies]]

{{stub}}

Intraosseous infusion - Revision history

Prab: CSV import

Kondreddy Naveen at 20:52, 1 February 2024