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	~~'''Inhalational anesthetic''' agents are a class of [[anesthesia~~\|~~anesthetic]] drugs that are administered through the respiratory system to induce a state~~ of [[General anesthesia\|general anesthesia]]. These agents are volatile liquids or gases at room temperature and are given to patients through inhalation, typically using an [[anesthesia machine]]. Inhalational anesthetics ~~are~~ used in ~~a wide range of surgical procedures to render a patient unconscious and insensible to pain.~~		{{Short description\|An overview of inhalational anesthetics used in medical practice}}

	==~~History~~==		== Inhalational Anesthetics ==
	~~The use~~ of inhalational ~~anesthetic agents dates back to the 19th century, with the first successful public demonstration of [[ether~~]] ~~anesthesia in 1846 by~~ [[~~William T.G. Morton~~]]~~. This marked the beginning of~~ the ~~modern era of anesthesia~~. ~~Subsequently, other~~ agents ~~such as~~ [[~~nitrous oxide~~]]~~, introduced by~~ [[~~Humphry Davy~~]] ~~in the early 19th century, and~~ [[~~chloroform~~]]~~, popularized~~ by ~~[[James Young Simpson]]~~, ~~were discovered~~ and ~~utilized for their anesthetic properties~~.		[[File:Fluranebottles.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Bottles of common inhalational anesthetics]]
			Inhalational anesthetics are a class of [[anesthetic]] agents that are administered through the respiratory system. These agents are primarily used to induce and maintain [[general anesthesia]] during [[surgical procedures]]. They are delivered via a [[vaporizer]] and inhaled by the patient, allowing for rapid onset and easy control of the depth of anesthesia.

	==Mechanism of Action==		== Mechanism of Action ==
	The exact mechanism ~~of action of inhalational anesthetics~~ is ~~complex and~~ not fully understood~~. However~~, it is believed that these agents ~~work by interacting with specific proteins in~~ the [[~~Central nervous system\|central nervous system~~]]~~, leading to a decrease in neuronal activity. This interaction primarily occurs at the level of the~~ [[~~GABA receptor~~]]~~, enhancing the inhibitory effect of the neurotransmitter GABA and leading to sedation~~ and ~~loss of consciousness~~.		Inhalational anesthetics work by depressing the central nervous system, leading to a reversible loss of consciousness and sensation. The exact mechanism is not fully understood, but it is believed that these agents enhance the activity of inhibitory neurotransmitters such as [[gamma-aminobutyric acid]] (GABA) and inhibit excitatory neurotransmitters like [[glutamate]]. This results in decreased neuronal activity and altered synaptic transmission.

	==~~Types of~~ Inhalational Anesthetics==		== Common Inhalational Anesthetics ==
	~~Inhalational anesthetic agents can be broadly classified into two categories~~: ~~volatile anesthetics and gases.~~		Several inhalational anesthetics are commonly used in clinical practice:

	~~===Volatile Anesthetics===~~		* '''[[Isoflurane]]''': Known for its stability and minimal metabolism, isoflurane is widely used due to its favorable pharmacokinetic profile.
	~~Volatile anesthetics are liquids at room temperature but readily vaporize for inhalation. Examples include:~~		* '''[[Sevoflurane]]''': Popular for its rapid induction and recovery times, sevoflurane is often used in outpatient procedures.
	* [[Isoflurane]]		* '''[[Desflurane]]''': Characterized by its low blood-gas solubility, desflurane allows for quick adjustments in anesthetic depth.
	* [[Sevoflurane]]		* '''[[Halothane]]''': Although less commonly used today due to potential hepatotoxicity, halothane was once a mainstay in anesthesia.
	* [[Desflurane]]
	* [[Halothane]]
	* [[Enflurane]]

	~~These agents~~ are ~~characterized by their varying potencies~~, ~~solubilities, and blood/~~gas ~~partition coefficients, which affect their onset and duration of action~~.		== Administration ==
			Inhalational anesthetics are typically administered using an [[anesthesia machine]] equipped with a vaporizer. The vaporizer converts the liquid anesthetic into a vapor, which is then mixed with a carrier gas such as [[oxygen]] or [[nitrous oxide]]. The mixture is delivered to the patient through a [[face mask]] or [[endotracheal tube]].

	===~~Gases~~===		== Advantages and Disadvantages ==
	~~Gaseous~~ anesthetics ~~are gases at room temperature~~ and ~~include:~~		=== Advantages ===
	* ~~[[Nitrous Oxide]]~~		* '''Rapid Onset and Recovery''': Inhalational anesthetics allow for quick induction and emergence from anesthesia.
	* [[Xenon]]		* '''Easy Control''': The depth of anesthesia can be easily adjusted by changing the concentration of the anesthetic gas.

	~~Nitrous oxide~~, ~~also known as laughing gas~~, ~~is commonly used in combination with other anesthetic agents~~ to ~~enhance their effect and provide analgesia~~.		=== Disadvantages ===
			* '''Potential for Airway Irritation''': Some agents, like desflurane, can cause airway irritation and coughing.
			* '''Environmental Impact''': Inhalational anesthetics can contribute to [[greenhouse gas]] emissions.

	==~~Clinical Use~~==		== Safety and Monitoring ==
	~~Inhalational~~ anesthetics ~~are used during surgical procedures to maintain general anesthesia. The choice~~ of ~~agent depends on factors such as the length of the procedure~~, ~~the patient's health status~~, and ~~potential side effects~~. ~~These agents are administered~~ using ~~an anesthesia machine, which delivers~~ a ~~controlled mixture of the anesthetic~~ gas ~~and oxygen~~ to ~~the~~ patient.		Patients receiving inhalational anesthetics require careful monitoring of vital signs, including [[heart rate]], [[blood pressure]], and [[oxygen saturation]]. Anesthesia providers also monitor the concentration of anesthetic gases using a [[capnograph]] and gas analyzer to ensure patient safety.

	==~~Side Effects and Complications~~==		== Related Pages ==
	~~While inhalational anesthetics are generally safe, they can cause side effects and complications, including:~~		* [[Anesthesia]]
	* [[~~Malignant hyperthermia~~]]		* [[General anesthesia]]
	* ~~Postoperative nausea and vomiting~~
	* Respiratory depression
	* Decreased blood pressure
	* Cardiac arrhythmias

	~~==Future Directions==~~
	Research in the field of inhalational anesthetics continues to focus on developing agents with improved safety profiles, faster onset and recovery times, and minimal environmental impact. The discovery of new targets within the central nervous system for anesthetic action may lead to the development of novel agents that offer enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects.

	~~==See Also==~~
	* [[Anesthesia machine]]		* [[Anesthesia machine]]
	* [[~~Local anesthetic]]~~		* [[Vaporizer (anesthesia)]]
	* [[Intravenous anesthetic]]

	~~[[Category:Anesthetics]]~~
	~~[[Category:Pharmacology]]~~
	~~[[Category:Medicine~~]]

	~~{{Medicine-stub}}~~		[[Category:Anesthesia]]

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'''Inhalational anesthetic''' agents are a class of [[anesthesia|anesthetic]] drugs that are administered through the respiratory system to induce a state of [[General anesthesia|general anesthesia]]. These agents are volatile liquids or gases at room temperature and are given to patients through inhalation, typically using an [[anesthesia machine]]. Inhalational anesthetics are used in a wide range of surgical procedures to render a patient unconscious and insensible to pain.

==History==
The use of inhalational anesthetic agents dates back to the 19th century, with the first successful public demonstration of [[ether]] anesthesia in 1846 by [[William T.G. Morton]]. This marked the beginning of the modern era of anesthesia. Subsequently, other agents such as [[nitrous oxide]], introduced by [[Humphry Davy]] in the early 19th century, and [[chloroform]], popularized by [[James Young Simpson]], were discovered and utilized for their anesthetic properties.

==Mechanism of Action==
The exact mechanism of action of inhalational anesthetics is complex and not fully understood. However, it is believed that these agents work by interacting with specific proteins in the [[Central nervous system|central nervous system]], leading to a decrease in neuronal activity. This interaction primarily occurs at the level of the [[GABA receptor]], enhancing the inhibitory effect of the neurotransmitter GABA and leading to sedation and loss of consciousness.

==Types of Inhalational Anesthetics==
Inhalational anesthetic agents can be broadly classified into two categories: volatile anesthetics and gases.

===Volatile Anesthetics===
Volatile anesthetics are liquids at room temperature but readily vaporize for inhalation. Examples include:
* [[Isoflurane]]
* [[Sevoflurane]]
* [[Desflurane]]
* [[Halothane]]
* [[Enflurane]]

These agents are characterized by their varying potencies, solubilities, and blood/gas partition coefficients, which affect their onset and duration of action.

===Gases===
Gaseous anesthetics are gases at room temperature and include:
* [[Nitrous Oxide]]
* [[Xenon]]

Nitrous oxide, also known as laughing gas, is commonly used in combination with other anesthetic agents to enhance their effect and provide analgesia.

==Clinical Use==
Inhalational anesthetics are used during surgical procedures to maintain general anesthesia. The choice of agent depends on factors such as the length of the procedure, the patient's health status, and potential side effects. These agents are administered using an anesthesia machine, which delivers a controlled mixture of the anesthetic gas and oxygen to the patient.

==Side Effects and Complications==
While inhalational anesthetics are generally safe, they can cause side effects and complications, including:
* [[Malignant hyperthermia]]
* Postoperative nausea and vomiting
* Respiratory depression
* Decreased blood pressure
* Cardiac arrhythmias

==Future Directions==
Research in the field of inhalational anesthetics continues to focus on developing agents with improved safety profiles, faster onset and recovery times, and minimal environmental impact. The discovery of new targets within the central nervous system for anesthetic action may lead to the development of novel agents that offer enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects.

==See Also==
* [[Anesthesia machine]]
* [[Local anesthetic]]
* [[Intravenous anesthetic]]

[[Category:Anesthetics]]
[[Category:Pharmacology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

{{Medicine-stub}}

Inhalational anesthetic - Revision history

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