Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy - Revision history

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	== Infantile ~~Neuroaxonal Dystrophy =~~=		{{SI}}
			{{Infobox medical condition
	[[File:autorecessive.svg\|~~thumb\|right~~\|Autosomal recessive ~~inheritance~~ pattern]]		\| name = Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy
			\| image = [[File:autorecessive.svg\|200px]]
			\| caption = [[Autosomal recessive]] pattern
			\| synonyms = INAD, Seitelberger disease
			\| specialty = [[Neurology]]
			\| symptoms = [[Developmental delay]], [[hypotonia]], [[ataxia]], [[dementia]]
			\| onset = Infancy
			\| duration = Progressive
			\| causes = Mutations in the [[PLA2G6]] gene
			\| risks = Family history of the condition
			\| diagnosis = [[Genetic testing]], [[MRI]]
			\| differential = [[Metachromatic leukodystrophy]], [[Krabbe disease]]
			\| treatment = Supportive care
			\| prognosis = Poor, with progressive neurological decline
			\| frequency = Rare
			}}
	'''Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy''' (INAD) is a rare, inherited neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects infants and young children. It is characterized by progressive motor and cognitive decline, leading to severe disability and early death.		'''Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy''' (INAD) is a rare, inherited neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects infants and young children. It is characterized by progressive motor and cognitive decline, leading to severe disability and early death.

	=== Etiology ===		=== Etiology ===
	INAD is caused by mutations in the [[PLA2G6]] gene, which encodes an enzyme involved in the metabolism of phospholipids. This gene is located on chromosome 22. The disorder follows an [[autosomal recessive]] inheritance pattern, meaning that both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations.		INAD is caused by mutations in the [[PLA2G6]] gene, which encodes an enzyme involved in the metabolism of phospholipids. This gene is located on chromosome 22. The disorder follows an [[autosomal recessive]] inheritance pattern, meaning that both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations.

	=== Pathophysiology ===		=== Pathophysiology ===
	The mutations in the PLA2G6 gene lead to the accumulation of abnormal deposits in the [[neurons]] and other cells of the nervous system. These deposits, known as spheroid bodies, disrupt normal cellular function and lead to the degeneration of nerve fibers, particularly in the [[brain]] and [[spinal cord]].		The mutations in the PLA2G6 gene lead to the accumulation of abnormal deposits in the [[neurons]] and other cells of the nervous system. These deposits, known as spheroid bodies, disrupt normal cellular function and lead to the degeneration of nerve fibers, particularly in the [[brain]] and [[spinal cord]].

	=== Clinical Features ===		=== Clinical Features ===
	Symptoms of INAD typically begin between 6 months and 3 years of age. Early signs include:		Symptoms of INAD typically begin between 6 months and 3 years of age. Early signs include:
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	* [[Ataxia]] (lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements)		* [[Ataxia]] (lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements)
	* [[Optic atrophy]] leading to vision loss		* [[Optic atrophy]] leading to vision loss

	As the disease progresses, affected children may develop:		As the disease progresses, affected children may develop:
	* [[Spasticity]]		* [[Spasticity]]
	* [[Seizures]]		* [[Seizures]]
	* [[Dementia]]		* [[Dementia]]

	=== Diagnosis ===		=== Diagnosis ===
	Diagnosis of INAD is based on clinical evaluation, genetic testing for mutations in the PLA2G6 gene, and neuroimaging studies such as [[MRI]] that may show characteristic changes in the brain. A [[nerve biopsy]] may reveal the presence of spheroid bodies.		Diagnosis of INAD is based on clinical evaluation, genetic testing for mutations in the PLA2G6 gene, and neuroimaging studies such as [[MRI]] that may show characteristic changes in the brain. A [[nerve biopsy]] may reveal the presence of spheroid bodies.

	=== Management ===		=== Management ===
	There is currently no cure for INAD, and treatment is primarily supportive. Management focuses on alleviating symptoms and improving quality of life. This may include:		There is currently no cure for INAD, and treatment is primarily supportive. Management focuses on alleviating symptoms and improving quality of life. This may include:
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	* Medications to control seizures		* Medications to control seizures
	* Nutritional support		* Nutritional support

	=== Prognosis ===		=== Prognosis ===
	The prognosis for children with INAD is poor. The disease progresses rapidly, and most affected individuals do not survive beyond their first decade of life.		The prognosis for children with INAD is poor. The disease progresses rapidly, and most affected individuals do not survive beyond their first decade of life.
			== See also ==
	== ~~Related Pages~~ ==
	* [[Neurodegenerative disease]]		* [[Neurodegenerative disease]]
	* [[Autosomal recessive disorder]]		* [[Autosomal recessive disorder]]
	* [[PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration]]		* [[PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration]]

	{{Neurodegenerative diseases}}		{{Neurodegenerative diseases}}

	[[Category:Genetic disorders]]		[[Category:Genetic disorders]]
	[[Category:Neurodegenerative disorders]]		[[Category:Neurodegenerative disorders]]
	[[Category:Rare diseases]]		[[Category:Rare diseases]]

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	~~'''~~Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy~~''' (INAD) is a rare [[neurodegenerative disorder]] that primarily affects the nervous system. It is characterized by a progressive loss of vision, mental and movement abilities.~~		== Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy ==

	~~== Symptoms ==~~		[[File:autorecessive.svg\|thumb\|right\|Autosomal recessive inheritance pattern]]

	~~The symptoms of~~ INAD ~~usually begin in early infancy~~, ~~typically between the ages of 6 months~~ and ~~3 years. Early signs may include delays in physical and mental development, such as sitting, standing, and walking or learning to talk~~. ~~As the disorder progresses, affected children may lose previously acquired skills (developmental regression), develop an abnormal body posture with the head~~ and ~~neck bent backward (opisthotonus)~~, ~~and become unable~~ to ~~move, eat,~~ and ~~breathe on their own~~.		'''Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy''' (INAD) is a rare, inherited neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects infants and young children. It is characterized by progressive motor and cognitive decline, leading to severe disability and early death.

	== ~~Causes~~ ==		=== Etiology ===
			INAD is caused by mutations in the [[PLA2G6]] gene, which encodes an enzyme involved in the metabolism of phospholipids. This gene is located on chromosome 22. The disorder follows an [[autosomal recessive]] inheritance pattern, meaning that both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations.

	~~INAD is caused by~~ mutations in the [[~~PLA2G6~~]] ~~gene~~. ~~This gene provides instructions for making an enzyme that is found throughout~~ the ~~body~~, ~~but is~~ particularly ~~abundant~~ in the brain~~. The enzyme is involved in the metabolism of certain fats,~~ and ~~it also plays a role in the survival of nerve cells (neurons)~~.		=== Pathophysiology ===
			The mutations in the PLA2G6 gene lead to the accumulation of abnormal deposits in the [[neurons]] and other cells of the nervous system. These deposits, known as spheroid bodies, disrupt normal cellular function and lead to the degeneration of nerve fibers, particularly in the [[brain]] and [[spinal cord]].

	== ~~Diagnosis~~ ==		=== Clinical Features ===
			Symptoms of INAD typically begin between 6 months and 3 years of age. Early signs include:
			* Developmental delay
			* Loss of previously acquired motor skills
			* [[Hypotonia]] (decreased muscle tone)
			* [[Ataxia]] (lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements)
			* [[Optic atrophy]] leading to vision loss

	~~Diagnosis of INAD is based on~~ the ~~observation of characteristic symptoms~~, ~~a detailed patient history, a thorough clinical evaluation, and a variety of specialized tests. These tests~~ may ~~include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nerve conduction studies, and molecular genetic testing.~~		As the disease progresses, affected children may develop:
			* [[Spasticity]]
			* [[Seizures]]
			* [[Dementia]]

	== ~~Treatment~~ ==		=== Diagnosis ===
			Diagnosis of INAD is based on clinical evaluation, genetic testing for mutations in the PLA2G6 gene, and neuroimaging studies such as [[MRI]] that may show characteristic changes in the brain. A [[nerve biopsy]] may reveal the presence of spheroid bodies.

	There is currently no cure for INAD, and treatment is ~~symptomatic~~ and ~~supportive~~. Physical therapy ~~may help~~ to ~~relieve some of the symptoms. In some cases, medication may be used~~ to ~~manage~~ seizures ~~or other symptoms.~~		=== Management ===
			There is currently no cure for INAD, and treatment is primarily supportive. Management focuses on alleviating symptoms and improving quality of life. This may include:
			* Physical therapy to maintain mobility
			* Medications to control seizures
			* Nutritional support

	== Prognosis ==		=== Prognosis ===
			The prognosis for children with INAD is poor. The disease progresses rapidly, and most affected individuals do not survive beyond their first decade of life.

	~~The prognosis for individuals with INAD is poor. Most children with this disorder do not survive past childhood, typically living only into the first or second decade of life.~~		== Related Pages ==
			* [[Neurodegenerative disease]]
	== ~~See Also~~ ==		* [[Autosomal recessive disorder]]

	* [[Neurodegenerative ~~Disorders~~]]
	* [[~~Genetic Disorders~~]]
	* [[PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration]]		* [[PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration]]

	~~== References ==~~		{{Neurodegenerative diseases}}

	* [[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]]
	* [[Genetics Home Reference]]
	* [[National Organization for Rare Disorders]]

	[[Category:~~Neurological Disorders~~]]		[[Category:Genetic disorders]]
	[[Category:~~Genetic Disorders~~]]		[[Category:Neurodegenerative disorders]]
	[[Category:Rare ~~Diseases~~]]		[[Category:Rare diseases]]
	~~{{PNS diseases of the nervous system}}~~
	~~{{stub}}~~
	~~{{dictionary-stub1}}~~

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'''Infantile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy''' (INAD) is a rare [[neurodegenerative disorder]] that primarily affects the nervous system. It is characterized by a progressive loss of vision, mental and movement abilities.

== Symptoms ==

The symptoms of INAD usually begin in early infancy, typically between the ages of 6 months and 3 years. Early signs may include delays in physical and mental development, such as sitting, standing, and walking or learning to talk. As the disorder progresses, affected children may lose previously acquired skills (developmental regression), develop an abnormal body posture with the head and neck bent backward (opisthotonus), and become unable to move, eat, and breathe on their own.

== Causes ==

INAD is caused by mutations in the [[PLA2G6]] gene. This gene provides instructions for making an enzyme that is found throughout the body, but is particularly abundant in the brain. The enzyme is involved in the metabolism of certain fats, and it also plays a role in the survival of nerve cells (neurons).

== Diagnosis ==

Diagnosis of INAD is based on the observation of characteristic symptoms, a detailed patient history, a thorough clinical evaluation, and a variety of specialized tests. These tests may include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nerve conduction studies, and molecular genetic testing.

== Treatment ==

There is currently no cure for INAD, and treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Physical therapy may help to relieve some of the symptoms. In some cases, medication may be used to manage seizures or other symptoms.

== Prognosis ==

The prognosis for individuals with INAD is poor. Most children with this disorder do not survive past childhood, typically living only into the first or second decade of life.

== See Also ==

* [[Neurodegenerative Disorders]]
* [[Genetic Disorders]]
* [[PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration]]

== References ==

* [[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]]
* [[Genetics Home Reference]]
* [[National Organization for Rare Disorders]]

[[Category:Neurological Disorders]]
[[Category:Genetic Disorders]]
[[Category:Rare Diseases]]
{{PNS diseases of the nervous system}}
{{stub}}
{{dictionary-stub1}}