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{{Short description|Overview of Immunohistochemistry (IHC)}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Immunohistochemistry
| image =
| caption =
| field = [[Pathology]]
| synonyms = IHC
| symptoms =
| complications =
| onset =
| duration =
| types =
| causes =
| risks =
| diagnosis = [[Histology]], [[Pathology]]
| differential =
| prevention =
| treatment =
| medication =
| prognosis =
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| deaths =
}}

'''Immunohistochemistry''' ('''IHC''') is a laboratory technique used for the visualization of [[antigens]] in [[tissue]] sections. It involves the binding of [[antibodies]] to specific antigens in biological tissues. This technique is widely used in the fields of [[pathology]], [[diagnostic medicine]], and [[research]] to identify the presence and localization of specific proteins within cells and tissues.

==Principle==
The principle of IHC is based on the specific binding of an antibody to its antigen. The antibody-antigen interaction is visualized using a marker, which can be an [[enzyme]] such as [[horseradish peroxidase]] (HRP) or a [[fluorescent dye]]. The marker produces a detectable signal, such as a color change or fluorescence, indicating the presence and location of the antigen.

==Procedure==
The IHC procedure typically involves several steps:
# **Tissue Preparation**: Tissue samples are collected and fixed, usually in [[formalin]], to preserve the tissue structure and antigenicity.
# **Sectioning**: The fixed tissues are embedded in [[paraffin]] and sectioned into thin slices using a [[microtome]].
# **Deparaffinization and Rehydration**: The paraffin is removed from the tissue sections, and the sections are rehydrated through a series of alcohol washes.
# **Antigen Retrieval**: This step involves treating the tissue sections to unmask antigens that may have been altered during fixation. Common methods include heat-induced epitope retrieval (HIER) and enzymatic digestion.
# **Blocking**: Non-specific binding sites are blocked to prevent background staining.
# **Primary Antibody Incubation**: The tissue sections are incubated with a primary antibody specific to the target antigen.
# **Secondary Antibody Incubation**: A secondary antibody, which is conjugated to a marker and specific to the primary antibody, is applied.
# **Detection**: The marker is visualized using appropriate detection methods, such as chromogenic substrates for enzymes or fluorescence microscopy for fluorescent dyes.
# **Counterstaining**: The tissue sections may be counterstained to provide contrast and highlight tissue morphology.

==Applications==
IHC is used in various applications, including:
* **[[Cancer]] Diagnosis**: Identifying specific tumor markers to classify cancer types and guide treatment decisions.
* **[[Neuroscience]]**: Studying the distribution and localization of proteins in the [[nervous system]].
* **[[Infectious Disease]]**: Detecting pathogens in tissue samples.
* **[[Developmental Biology]]**: Investigating the expression patterns of proteins during development.

==Advantages and Limitations==
===Advantages===
* High specificity and sensitivity for detecting target antigens.
* Ability to visualize the spatial distribution of antigens within tissues.
* Compatibility with archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples.

===Limitations===
* Requires optimization of antibody concentrations and detection conditions.
* Potential for non-specific binding and background staining.
* Interpretation of results can be subjective and requires expertise.

==Related Pages==
* [[Histology]]
* [[Pathology]]
* [[Antibody]]
* [[Antigen]]
* [[Fluorescence microscopy]]
* [[Cancer diagnosis]]

==Categories==
[[Category:Pathology]]
[[Category:Laboratory techniques]]
[[Category:Histology]]

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IHC - Revision history

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