Prab: CSV import

2024-12-31T12:37:21Z

CSV import

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-{{Short description|High calcium (Ca2+) level in the blood serum}}
+==Pathophysiology==
-{{Infobox medical condition (new)
-| name            = Hypercalcaemia
+Hypercalcemia of malignancy can occur through several mechanisms:
-| synonyms        = Hypercalcemia
-| image           = Ca-TableImage.svg
+* '''Humoral Hypercalcemia of Malignancy (HHM):''' This is the most common mechanism and is caused by the secretion of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) by the tumor. PTHrP mimics the action of parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to increased bone resorption and renal tubular reabsorption of calcium.
-| caption         = Calcium within the [[periodic table]]
-| field           = [[Endocrinology]]
+* '''Osteolytic Metastases:''' Certain cancers, such as breast cancer and multiple myeloma, can metastasize to bone, causing local osteolysis and release of calcium into the bloodstream.
-| symptoms        = [[Abdominal pain]], bone pain, [[confusion]], [[Depression (mood)|depression]], [[weakness]]<ref name=BMJ2015/><ref name=EU2010/>
-| complications   = [[Kidney stones]], [[Heart arrhythmia|abnormal heart rhythm]], [[cardiac arrest]]<ref name=BMJ2015/><ref name=EU2010/>
+* '''Vitamin D Secretion:''' Some lymphomas can produce active vitamin D (calcitriol), leading to increased intestinal absorption of calcium.
-| onset           =
-| duration        =
+==Clinical Presentation==
-==Pathophysiology==
+Patients with hypercalcemia of malignancy may present with a variety of symptoms, which can be remembered by the mnemonic "stones, bones, groans, and psychiatric overtones":
-It remains unclear, however, whether death is associated with hypercalcemic crisis (uncontrolled or recurrent progressive hypercalcemia) or with advanced disease.
-==Symptoms==
+* [American Cancer Society](https://www.cancer.org/)
-Symptoms include central nervous system impairment such as delirium with prominent symptoms of personality change, cognitive dysfunction, disorientation, incoherent speech, and psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, smooth muscle hypotonicity, and altered cardiovascular function.
+* [National Cancer Institute](https://www.cancer.gov/)
-Treatment is similar to the treatment of [[hypercalcemia]] plus treatment of the underlying malignancy.
+{{Medical conditions}}
-{{stub}}
+{{Oncology}}
-{{Mineral metabolic pathology}}
+[[Category:Endocrine disorders]]
-{{Paraneoplastic syndromes}}
+[[Category:Oncology]]
-{{Authority control}}
+[[Category:Calcium metabolism disorders]]

Prab at 18:44, 6 April 2021

2021-04-06T18:44:15Z

New page

{{Short description|High calcium (Ca2+) level in the blood serum}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Hypercalcaemia
| synonyms = Hypercalcemia
| image = Ca-TableImage.svg
| caption = Calcium within the [[periodic table]]
| field = [[Endocrinology]]
| symptoms = [[Abdominal pain]], bone pain, [[confusion]], [[Depression (mood)|depression]], [[weakness]]<ref name=BMJ2015/><ref name=EU2010/>
| complications = [[Kidney stones]], [[Heart arrhythmia|abnormal heart rhythm]], [[cardiac arrest]]<ref name=BMJ2015/><ref name=EU2010/>
| onset =
| duration =
| types =
| causes = [[Primary hyperparathyroidism]], [[cancer]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[tuberculosis]], [[Paget's disease of bone|Paget disease]], [[multiple endocrine neoplasia]], [[vitamin D toxicity]]<ref name=BMJ2015/><ref name=PMH2016/>
| risks =
| diagnosis = [[Blood serum]] level > 2.6 mmol/l ([[corrected calcium]] or [[ionized calcium]])<ref name=BMJ2015/><ref name=EU2010/>
| differential =
| prevention =
| treatment = Underlying cause, [[intravenous fluids]], [[furosemide]], [[calcitonin]], [[pamidronate]], [[hemodialysis]]<ref name=BMJ2015/><ref name=EU2010/>
| medication =
| prognosis =
| frequency = 4 per 1,000<ref name=BMJ2015/>
| deaths =
}}
Hypercalcemia generally develops as a late complication of malignancy; its appearance has grave prognostic significance.

==Pathophysiology==
It remains unclear, however, whether death is associated with hypercalcemic crisis (uncontrolled or recurrent progressive hypercalcemia) or with advanced disease.

==Symptoms==
Symptoms include central nervous system impairment such as delirium with prominent symptoms of personality change, cognitive dysfunction, disorientation, incoherent speech, and psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, smooth muscle hypotonicity, and altered cardiovascular function.

Treatment is similar to the treatment of [[hypercalcemia]] plus treatment of the underlying malignancy.
{{stub}}
{{Mineral metabolic pathology}}
{{Paraneoplastic syndromes}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Electrolyte disturbances]]
[[Category:Calcium]]
[[Category:Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings for blood]]
[[Category:RTTNEURO]]
[[Category:Medical mnemonics]]

Hypercalcemia of malignancy - Revision history

Prab: CSV import

Prab at 18:44, 6 April 2021