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[[File:Howard_Martin_Temin_1975.jpg|Howard Martin Temin 1975|thumb]] '''Howard Martin Temin''' (December 10, 1934 – February 9, 1994) was an American [[geneticist]] and [[virologist]] who made groundbreaking discoveries in the field of [[virus]] research and the [[genetic]] mechanisms of [[cancer]]. He is best known for his proposal of the [[provirus]] hypothesis and his discovery of the enzyme [[reverse transcriptase]], which is crucial for the replication of [[retroviruses]]. His work not only deepened the understanding of viral replication and [[oncogenes]], but also had profound implications for [[molecular biology]], [[genetics]], and [[cancer research]]. For his contributions, Temin was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1975, sharing it with David Baltimore and Renato Dulbecco.

==Early Life and Education==
Howard Martin Temin was born in [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania. He developed an interest in [[biology]] at a young age. Temin attended [[Swarthmore College]], where he earned his bachelor's degree in biology in 1955. He then pursued graduate studies at the [[California Institute of Technology]] (Caltech), where he worked under the guidance of Renato Dulbecco, studying animal viruses. In 1959, he completed his Ph.D. with a thesis on the infection of chick embryo fibroblasts by the Rous sarcoma virus, a type of [[retrovirus]].

==Career and Research==
After completing his Ph.D., Temin joined the faculty of the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]], where he spent the majority of his academic career. It was here that he formulated the provirus hypothesis, suggesting that certain viruses could integrate their genetic material into the [[DNA]] of host cells, a concept that was initially met with skepticism as it challenged the central dogma of molecular biology at the time.

In 1970, Temin, along with Satoshi Mizutani, discovered the enzyme reverse transcriptase in retroviruses. This enzyme was capable of transcribing [[RNA]] into DNA, thereby providing the mechanism for the integration of viral RNA into the DNA of the host cell, as proposed in the provirus hypothesis. This discovery was pivotal, as it not only supported his earlier hypothesis but also led to a new understanding of genetic information flow and the potential for RNA viruses to cause cancer.

==Legacy and Awards==
Howard Temin's contributions to science were recognized with numerous awards and honors, including the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1975. His work laid the foundation for the development of [[antiretroviral drugs]] for the treatment of [[HIV/AIDS]], and it has had lasting impacts on the fields of virology, genetics, and cancer research. Temin's legacy is also preserved through the Howard Temin Pathway in Cancer Research, a program established by the [[National Cancer Institute]] to support promising cancer researchers.

==Death==
Howard Martin Temin passed away on February 9, 1994, after a battle with lung cancer. His death was a significant loss to the scientific community, but his discoveries continue to influence the fields of molecular biology and medicine.

==See Also==
* [[Retrovirus]]
* [[Oncogene]]
* [[Molecular Biology]]
* [[Cancer Research]]

[[Category:American geneticists]]
[[Category:American virologists]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine]]
[[Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty]]
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Howard Martin Temin - Revision history

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