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	'''HT-29''' is a human [[~~colon cancer~~]] [[cell line]] used ~~extensively~~ in ~~biological and~~ cancer research.~~<ref name=one>{{cite book\|title=The Impact~~ of ~~Food Bioactives on Health\|first1=D\|last1=Martínez~~-~~Maqueda\|display~~-~~authors=etal\|doi=10~~.~~1007/978~~-3-~~319-16104-4_11\|pmid=29787047\|publisher=Springer\|pages=113–124\|date=2015\|chapter=HT29 Cell Line\|isbn=978-3-319-15791-7}}</ref>~~		{{Short description\|Human colon cancer cell line}}
			{{DISPLAYTITLE:HT-29}}

			==Overview==
			'''HT-29''' is a human [[colorectal adenocarcinoma]] cell line that is widely used in [[cancer research]]. It was originally derived from a primary tumor of a 44-year-old Caucasian female. HT-29 cells are known for their ability to differentiate into enterocyte-like cells under certain conditions, making them a valuable model for studying intestinal epithelial cell biology and [[cancer]].

	==Characteristics==		==Characteristics==
	~~[[File:P53.png\|thumb\|The p53 protein, shown interacting with a strand of [[DNA]], is overexpressed in~~ HT-29 cells]]		HT-29 cells are epithelial in nature and exhibit a polygonal shape. They grow as a monolayer and have a doubling time of approximately 24 hours under optimal conditions. These cells are adherent and require a surface to attach to for growth. HT-29 cells are known for their high degree of aneuploidy, which is a common feature in cancer cells.
	~~Initially derived~~ in ~~1964 by Jorgen Fogh from~~ a ~~44-year-old Caucasian female, HT-29~~ cells ~~form~~ a ~~tight monolayer while exhibiting similarity~~ to ~~[[enterocytes]] from the [[small intestine]]~~. HT-29 cells ~~overproduce the [[p53]] tumor antigen~~, ~~but have~~ a ~~mutation~~ in ~~the p53 gene at position 273, resulting in a [[histidine]] replacing an [[arginine]]~~. ~~The~~ cells ~~proliferate rapidly~~ in ~~media containing~~ [[~~suramin~~]], with ~~corresponding high expression of the ''[[c-myc]]'' oncogene~~. ~~However, ''c-myc'' is deregulated, but may have~~ a ~~relation with the growth factor requirements of HT-29 cells~~.~~<ref name=two />~~
			===Growth Conditions===
			HT-29 cells are typically cultured in [[Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium]] (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and antibiotics such as penicillin and streptomycin. They are maintained at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% carbon dioxide.

	==~~Applications~~==		===Differentiation===
	~~In preclinical research~~, ~~HT-29 cells have been studied for their ability to~~ [[~~Cellular differentiation\|differentiate~~]] ~~and thus simulate real colon tissue ''in vitro''~~, ~~a characteristic that has made HT-29 useful for [[epithelial]] cell research.<ref>{{cite journal\|title=~~HT-29 cells are an in vitro model for the generation of cell polarity in epithelia during embryonic differentiation\|first1=M\|last1=Hirn\|display-authors=etal\|date=1988\|pmc=279498\|volume=85\|issue=1\|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\|pages=136–140\|pmid=3277169\|doi=10.1073/pnas.85.1.136}}</ref> The cells can ~~also be tested ''in vivo'' via [[xenografts]] with rodents. HT-29 cells terminally~~ differentiate into ~~enterocytes with the replacement of [[glucose]] by [[galactose]]~~ in ~~cell culture, and with the addition of [[butyrate]] or acids, the differentiation pathways can be closely studied along with their dependence on surrounding conditions.<ref name=one /> Accordingly,~~ studies ~~of HT-29 cells have shown induced differentation as a result of [[forskolin]], [[Colchicine]]~~, ~~[[nocodazole]]~~, and [[taxol]],<ref>{{cite journal\|title=Induced differentiation in HT29, a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line\|pmid=10413674\|first1=E\|last1=Cohen\|display-authors=etal\|journal=Journal of Cell Science\|date=August 1999\|volume=112\|pages=2657–2666}}</ref> with galactose-mediated differentiation also causing the ~~strengthening~~ of ~~[[adherens junctions]]~~.<ref>{{cite journal\|title=Early enterocytic differentiation of HT-29 cells: biochemical changes and strength increases of adherens junctions\|first1=S\|last1=Gout\|display-authors=etal\|journal=Experimental Cell Research\|volume=299\|issue=1\|doi=10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.06.008\|pmid=15350547\|date=1 October 2004\|pages=498–510}}</ref>		Under specific conditions, such as the presence of [[sodium butyrate]], HT-29 cells can differentiate into cells that resemble mature intestinal epithelial cells. This property is utilized in studies investigating intestinal absorption, barrier function, and the effects of various compounds on intestinal health.

	==~~=Culturing=~~==		==Applications in Research==
	~~Though~~ HT-29 cells ~~can proliferate~~ in ~~cell culture lacking growth factors with a doubling time~~ of ~~around 4 days, the doubling time can be reduced to one day with added~~ [[~~fetal bovine serum~~]].~~<ref name=two>{{cite journal\|title=Proliferation of~~ the ~~Human Colon Carcinoma Cell Line HT29: Autocrine Growth and Deregulated Expression~~ of the c-myc Oncogene\|url=http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/49/23/6566.full.pdf\|journal=Cancer Research\|volume=49\|pages=6566–6571\|date=1 December 1989\|first1= Anne-Marie \|last1=Coudray\|display-authors=etal}}</ref> The cells ~~have high glucose consumption,~~ and ~~in standard medium containing 25 mM glucose~~ and ~~10% serum, remain undifferentiated~~.~~<ref name=one />~~		HT-29 cells are extensively used in [[cancer research]] to study the mechanisms of [[colorectal cancer]] progression and to test potential therapeutic agents. They serve as a model for understanding the biology of intestinal epithelial cells and the processes of differentiation and tumorigenesis.

	==~~References~~==		===Drug Testing===
	~~{{reflist}}~~		Due to their human origin and cancerous nature, HT-29 cells are frequently used in drug screening assays to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of new anticancer drugs. Researchers can assess the impact of these drugs on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and other cellular processes.

	==~~External links~~==		===Molecular Studies===
	*[https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0320 Cellosaurus entry for HT-29]		HT-29 cells are also employed in molecular biology studies to investigate gene expression, signal transduction pathways, and the role of specific genes in cancer development. Techniques such as [[CRISPR-Cas9]] gene editing and [[RNA interference]] are often used to manipulate gene expression in these cells.

	~~[[Category:Human~~ cell ~~lines]]~~		==Limitations==
	~~[[Category:Biology stubs]]~~		While HT-29 cells provide a useful model for studying colorectal cancer, they have limitations. As a cell line, they may not fully recapitulate the complexity of human tumors in vivo. Additionally, their genetic and phenotypic characteristics can change over time with continuous passaging, which may affect experimental outcomes.

			==Related pages==
			* [[Colorectal cancer]]
			* [[Cell culture]]
			* [[Cancer research]]
			* [[Adenocarcinoma]]

	~~{{cell-biology-stub}}~~		[[Category:Cell lines]]
	~~{{oncology-stub}}~~		[[Category:Colorectal cancer]]
	~~{{dictionary-stub1}}~~		[[Category:Cancer research]]

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'''HT-29''' is a human [[colon cancer]] [[cell line]] used extensively in biological and cancer research.<ref name=one>{{cite book|title=The Impact of Food Bioactives on Health|first1=D|last1=Martínez-Maqueda|display-authors=etal|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-16104-4_11|pmid=29787047|publisher=Springer|pages=113–124|date=2015|chapter=HT29 Cell Line|isbn=978-3-319-15791-7}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
[[File:P53.png|thumb|The p53 protein, shown interacting with a strand of [[DNA]], is overexpressed in HT-29 cells]]
Initially derived in 1964 by Jorgen Fogh from a 44-year-old Caucasian female, HT-29 cells form a tight monolayer while exhibiting similarity to [[enterocytes]] from the [[small intestine]]. HT-29 cells overproduce the [[p53]] tumor antigen, but have a mutation in the p53 gene at position 273, resulting in a [[histidine]] replacing an [[arginine]]. The cells proliferate rapidly in media containing [[suramin]], with corresponding high expression of the ''[[c-myc]]'' oncogene. However, ''c-myc'' is deregulated, but may have a relation with the growth factor requirements of HT-29 cells.<ref name=two />

==Applications==
In preclinical research, HT-29 cells have been studied for their ability to [[Cellular differentiation|differentiate]] and thus simulate real colon tissue ''in vitro'', a characteristic that has made HT-29 useful for [[epithelial]] cell research.<ref>{{cite journal|title=HT-29 cells are an in vitro model for the generation of cell polarity in epithelia during embryonic differentiation|first1=M|last1=Hirn|display-authors=etal|date=1988|pmc=279498|volume=85|issue=1|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|pages=136–140|pmid=3277169|doi=10.1073/pnas.85.1.136}}</ref> The cells can also be tested ''in vivo'' via [[xenografts]] with rodents. HT-29 cells terminally differentiate into enterocytes with the replacement of [[glucose]] by [[galactose]] in cell culture, and with the addition of [[butyrate]] or acids, the differentiation pathways can be closely studied along with their dependence on surrounding conditions.<ref name=one /> Accordingly, studies of HT-29 cells have shown induced differentation as a result of [[forskolin]], [[Colchicine]], [[nocodazole]], and [[taxol]],<ref>{{cite journal|title=Induced differentiation in HT29, a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line|pmid=10413674|first1=E|last1=Cohen|display-authors=etal|journal=Journal of Cell Science|date=August 1999|volume=112|pages=2657–2666}}</ref> with galactose-mediated differentiation also causing the strengthening of [[adherens junctions]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Early enterocytic differentiation of HT-29 cells: biochemical changes and strength increases of adherens junctions|first1=S|last1=Gout|display-authors=etal|journal=Experimental Cell Research|volume=299|issue=1|doi=10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.06.008|pmid=15350547|date=1 October 2004|pages=498–510}}</ref>

===Culturing===
Though HT-29 cells can proliferate in cell culture lacking growth factors with a doubling time of around 4 days, the doubling time can be reduced to one day with added [[fetal bovine serum]].<ref name=two>{{cite journal|title=Proliferation of the Human Colon Carcinoma Cell Line HT29: Autocrine Growth and Deregulated Expression of the c-myc Oncogene|url=http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/49/23/6566.full.pdf|journal=Cancer Research|volume=49|pages=6566–6571|date=1 December 1989|first1= Anne-Marie |last1=Coudray|display-authors=etal}}</ref> The cells have high glucose consumption, and in standard medium containing 25 mM glucose and 10% serum, remain undifferentiated.<ref name=one />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0320 Cellosaurus entry for HT-29]

[[Category:Human cell lines]]
[[Category:Biology stubs]]

{{cell-biology-stub}}
{{oncology-stub}}
{{dictionary-stub1}}

HT-29 - Revision history

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