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	~~'''Golden Rice''' is a variety of [[Oryza sativa]] (rice) that has been [[genetically~~ modified~~]] to biosynthesize [[beta-carotene]], a precursor of [[vitamin A]], in the edible parts of~~ rice~~. It is intended to produce a fortified food to be grown and consumed in areas~~ with ~~a shortage of dietary~~ vitamin A~~, a deficiency which is estimated to kill 670,000 children under the age of 5 each year.~~		{{short description\|Genetically modified rice with increased vitamin A content}}

	~~== History ==~~		'''Golden rice''' is a variety of [[Oryza sativa]] rice produced through genetic engineering to biosynthesize [[beta-carotene]], a precursor of [[vitamin A]], in the edible parts of rice. The research was conducted with the goal of producing a fortified food to be grown and consumed in areas with a shortage of dietary vitamin A, a deficiency which is estimated to kill 670,000 children under five each year.
	Golden ~~Rice was created by~~ [[~~Ingo Potrykus~~]] of ~~the Institute of Plant Sciences at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, and~~ [[~~Peter Beyer~~]] ~~of the University of Freiburg, Germany~~, in the ~~late 1990s~~. The ~~project~~ was ~~funded by~~ the ~~[[Rockefeller Foundation]]~~ and ~~the [[European Union]]. The initial prototype~~ of ~~Golden Rice produced only 1.6 µg/g of carotenoids~~, ~~but further development increased this~~ to ~~37 µg/g~~.

	== Development ~~and Regulation~~ ==		==Development==
	~~The development of~~ Golden Rice ~~has been managed~~ by the [[~~International Rice Research~~ Institute]] ~~(IRRI)~~ and ~~is funded by~~ the [[~~Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation~~]]. The ~~IRRI is working~~ with ~~national partners to develop Golden Rice varieties suitable for different~~ countries. The ~~regulatory approval process for Golden Rice~~ is ~~ongoing in several countries~~.		[[File:Golden_Rice.jpg\|Golden Rice\|thumb\|right]]
			Golden rice was developed by [[Ingo Potrykus]] of the [[Swiss Federal Institute of Technology]] and [[Peter Beyer]] of the [[University of Freiburg]]. The project was initiated in the 1990s with the aim of addressing vitamin A deficiency in developing countries. The rice was genetically modified to produce beta-carotene in the rice grains, which is converted into vitamin A when consumed by humans.

	== ~~Controversy~~ ==		==Genetic Engineering==
	~~Golden Rice has been~~ the ~~subject~~ of ~~controversy and opposition from environmental and anti~~-~~globalization activists~~. ~~Critics argue that~~ the ~~focus on a single crop detracts~~ from ~~the broader issue of overall dietary health~~ and ~~diversity~~. ~~Supporters argue that Golden Rice has~~ the ~~potential~~ to ~~save millions~~ of ~~lives in developing countries~~.		The genetic modification of golden rice involves the insertion of genes responsible for the biosynthesis of beta-carotene. The genes used in the process are derived from [[daffodil]] (''Narcissus pseudonarcissus'') and a bacterium (''[[Erwinia uredovora]]''). These genes enable the rice plant to produce beta-carotene in the endosperm, the part of the rice grain that is consumed.

	== ~~See~~ also ==		[[File:Carotenoidsynthesis.svg\|Carotenoid Synthesis\|thumb\|left]]
			The pathway for beta-carotene synthesis involves several steps, starting with the conversion of [[geranylgeranyl diphosphate]] to phytoene, followed by a series of desaturation and isomerization reactions that lead to the production of beta-carotene. This pathway is illustrated in the adjacent diagram.

			==Health Benefits==
			Golden rice is intended to combat [[vitamin A deficiency]], which is a major public health issue in many parts of the world, particularly in Africa and Southeast Asia. Vitamin A deficiency can lead to [[blindness]], increased risk of disease, and even death. By providing a source of vitamin A through a staple food like rice, golden rice has the potential to improve health outcomes in affected populations.

			[[File:Vitamin_A_deficiency.PNG\|Vitamin A Deficiency\|thumb\|right]]

			==Controversy and Challenges==
			Despite its potential benefits, golden rice has faced significant controversy and opposition. Critics argue about the safety of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), the environmental impact, and the socio-economic implications of adopting such technology. There are also concerns about the effectiveness of golden rice in delivering sufficient vitamin A to those in need.

			==Regulatory Status==
			Golden rice has undergone extensive testing and regulatory review in several countries. It has been approved for consumption in countries like the [[Philippines]], where it is seen as a potential tool to address malnutrition. However, its adoption has been slow due to regulatory hurdles and public resistance.

			==Related pages==
	* [[Genetically modified food]]		* [[Genetically modified food]]
			* [[Vitamin A deficiency]]
	* [[Biofortification]]		* [[Biofortification]]
	* [[~~Vitamin A deficiency~~]]		* [[Genetic engineering]]

			{{GMO}}
			{{Agriculture}}

			[[Category:Genetically modified organisms]]
	[[Category:Rice]]		[[Category:Rice]]
	[[Category:~~Genetically modified organisms in agriculture~~]]		[[Category:Malnutrition]]
	~~[[Category:Biofortification]]~~
	~~{{GM food}}~~
	~~{{Rice varieties}}~~
	~~{{food-stub}}~~
	~~<gallery>~~
	~~File:Carotenoidsynthesis.svg~~
	~~File:Vitamin_A_deficiency.PNG~~
	~~</gallery>~~
	~~<gallery>~~
	~~File:Golden_Rice.jpg\|Golden Rice~~
	~~File:Carotenoidsynthesis.svg\|Carotenoid Synthesis~~
	~~File:Vitamin_A_deficiency.PNG\|Vitamin A Deficiency~~
	~~</gallery>~~

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	File:Carotenoidsynthesis.svg		File:Carotenoidsynthesis.svg
	File:Vitamin_A_deficiency.PNG		File:Vitamin_A_deficiency.PNG
			</gallery>
			<gallery>
			File:Golden_Rice.jpg\|Golden Rice
			File:Carotenoidsynthesis.svg\|Carotenoid Synthesis
			File:Vitamin_A_deficiency.PNG\|Vitamin A Deficiency
	</gallery>		</gallery>

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	{{Rice varieties}}		{{Rice varieties}}
	{{food-stub}}		{{food-stub}}
			<gallery>
			File:Carotenoidsynthesis.svg
			File:Vitamin_A_deficiency.PNG
			</gallery>

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New page

'''Golden Rice''' is a variety of [[Oryza sativa]] (rice) that has been [[genetically modified]] to biosynthesize [[beta-carotene]], a precursor of [[vitamin A]], in the edible parts of rice. It is intended to produce a fortified food to be grown and consumed in areas with a shortage of dietary vitamin A, a deficiency which is estimated to kill 670,000 children under the age of 5 each year.

== History ==
Golden Rice was created by [[Ingo Potrykus]] of the Institute of Plant Sciences at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, and [[Peter Beyer]] of the University of Freiburg, Germany, in the late 1990s. The project was funded by the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] and the [[European Union]]. The initial prototype of Golden Rice produced only 1.6 µg/g of carotenoids, but further development increased this to 37 µg/g.

== Development and Regulation ==
The development of Golden Rice has been managed by the [[International Rice Research Institute]] (IRRI) and is funded by the [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]]. The IRRI is working with national partners to develop Golden Rice varieties suitable for different countries. The regulatory approval process for Golden Rice is ongoing in several countries.

== Controversy ==
Golden Rice has been the subject of controversy and opposition from environmental and anti-globalization activists. Critics argue that the focus on a single crop detracts from the broader issue of overall dietary health and diversity. Supporters argue that Golden Rice has the potential to save millions of lives in developing countries.

== See also ==
* [[Genetically modified food]]
* [[Biofortification]]
* [[Vitamin A deficiency]]

[[Category:Rice]]
[[Category:Genetically modified organisms in agriculture]]
[[Category:Biofortification]]
{{GM food}}
{{Rice varieties}}
{{food-stub}}

Golden rice - Revision history

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