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'''Genetic engineering''' is a field of [[biotechnology]] that involves the direct manipulation of an organism's [[genes]] using [[biotechnology]]. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms.

== History ==

The term genetic engineering was first coined by [[Jack Williamson]] in his science fiction novel ''Dragon's Island'', published in 1951. The discovery of [[DNA]] by [[James Watson]] and [[Francis Crick]] in 1953, and the development of [[recombinant DNA]] technology in the 1970s, paved the way for practical genetic engineering.

== Techniques ==

Genetic engineering techniques have been applied in numerous fields including research, agriculture, industrial biotechnology, and medicine. Techniques include the selective breeding of plants and animals, hybridization (crossing different strains to produce hybrids), mutation breeding (exposing seeds to chemicals or radiation), and more recently, molecular breeding such as marker assisted selection and genetic transformation.

== Applications ==

Genetic engineering has numerous applications. These include the creation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), gene therapy, and cloning. In agriculture, genetic engineering has been used to increase crop yields, improve nutritional quality, and enhance resistance to pests and diseases.

== Ethical issues ==

The use of genetic engineering has raised numerous ethical issues, including concerns about the safety of GMOs, the potential for genetic discrimination, and the moral and ethical implications of altering the genetic makeup of organisms.

== See also ==

* [[Genetically modified organism]]
* [[Gene therapy]]
* [[Cloning]]
* [[Biotechnology]]
* [[DNA]]
* [[Recombinant DNA]]

== References ==

<references />

== External links ==

* [https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Genetic-Engineering National Human Genome Research Institute - Genetic Engineering]

[[Category:Genetic engineering]]
[[Category:Biotechnology]]
[[Category:Genetics]]
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Genetic engineering - Revision history

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