Gap junction - Revision history

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	~~{{Short description\|A specialized intercellular connection between a multitude of animal cell-types}}~~		= Gap Junction =

	~~==Gap Junctions==~~		[[File:Gap_cell_junction-en.svg\|thumb\|right\|Diagram of a gap junction.]]
	[[File:~~Gap junction illustration~~.~~png~~\|thumb\|right\|~~Illustration~~ of a gap junction ~~between two cells~~.]]
	Gap junctions are specialized intercellular connections that facilitate direct communication between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. These structures are crucial for maintaining tissue homeostasis and enabling coordinated cellular functions in multicellular organisms.

	~~==Structure==~~		Gap junctions are specialized intercellular connections that facilitate direct communication between cells. They are crucial for maintaining tissue homeostasis and enabling coordinated cellular functions. Gap junctions are composed of connexin proteins that form channels allowing the passage of ions, metabolites, and other small molecules between adjacent cells.
	Gap junctions are composed of ~~protein complexes called [[connexons]], which are formed by~~ the ~~assembly~~ of ~~six protein subunits known as [[connexins]]. Each connexon from one cell aligns with a connexon from an adjacent cell to form a continuous aqueous channel that allows~~ ions and small molecules ~~to pass directly from one cell to another~~.

	===~~Connexins~~===		== Structure ==
	Connexins are a family of structurally related transmembrane proteins. There are over 20 different connexin genes in humans, each encoding a protein with a unique tissue distribution and functional properties. The most common connexins include [[Connexin 43]] (Cx43), [[Connexin 32]] (Cx32), and [[Connexin 26]] (Cx26).

	~~==Function==~~		Gap junctions are formed by the alignment of two hemichannels, or connexons, from adjacent cells. Each connexon is composed of six connexin subunits. The connexins are integral membrane proteins that span the lipid bilayer four times, creating a pore in the center. The alignment of connexons from neighboring cells forms a continuous aqueous channel that bridges the intercellular space.
	Gap junctions ~~play~~ a ~~vital role~~ in ~~various physiological processes, including:~~

	* '''Electrical coupling''': ~~In cardiac and smooth muscle tissues, gap junctions allow for the rapid spread of electrical impulses, enabling synchronized contraction~~.		[[File:Camillo_Peracchia_fig4-6.png\|thumb\|left\|Historical depiction of gap junction structure.]]
	* '''Metabolic cooperation''': They permit the exchange of ~~metabolites and signaling molecules, which is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis.~~
	* '''Developmental signaling''': During embryonic development, gap ~~junctions facilitate the transfer of morphogens and other signaling molecules that guide tissue differentiation and organogenesis~~.

	==~~Regulation~~==		== Function ==
	~~The permeability and function of gap junctions can be regulated by several factors, including:~~

	* '''Phosphorylation''': Post-translational modifications of ~~connexins~~, ~~such as phosphorylation~~, ~~can alter gap junction communication.~~		Gap junctions play a vital role in cell communication by allowing the direct transfer of signaling molecules and ions. This direct communication is essential for various physiological processes, including cardiac muscle contraction, neuronal signaling, and embryonic development. Gap junctions also contribute to the maintenance of tissue homeostasis by enabling the distribution of nutrients and waste products.
	* '''pH and calcium levels''': Changes in intracellular pH and ~~calcium concentrations can modulate gap junctional conductance~~.
	* '''Voltage''': Gap ~~junction channels can be sensitive~~ to ~~transjunctional voltage differences, which can influence their open or closed state~~.

	==~~Pathophysiology~~==		== Connexin Diversity ==
	~~[[File:Connexin 43.png\|thumb\|left\|Connexin 43, a common connexin in human tissues.]]~~
	~~Dysfunction of gap junctions is implicated in various diseases, including:~~

	* '''Cardiac arrhythmias''': Abnormal gap junction communication can lead to impaired electrical conduction in the heart, ~~resulting in arrhythmias~~.		There are multiple types of connexins, each encoded by a different gene. The diversity of connexins allows for the formation of gap junctions with distinct properties, such as permeability and regulatory mechanisms. Different tissues express specific connexins, which tailor the gap junctions to the functional needs of the tissue.
	* '''Neurological disorders''': Altered gap ~~junction function is associated~~ with ~~conditions~~ such as ~~epilepsy~~ and ~~[[Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease]]~~.
	* '''Cancer''': Changes in gap ~~junctional intercellular communication can influence tumor progression and metastasis~~.

	~~==Research and Therapeutic Potential==~~		[[File:Cell_pannexin_tree.svg\|thumb\|right\|Phylogenetic tree of pannexins, related to connexins.]]
	~~Research into gap junctions continues~~ to uncover their complex roles in health and disease. Therapeutic strategies targeting gap junctions are being explored for conditions such as cardiac arrhythmias and neurodegenerative diseases. Modulating gap junction communication holds promise for enhancing tissue repair and regeneration.

	==Related ~~pages~~==		== Regulation ==

			The permeability and function of gap junctions are regulated by various factors, including pH, calcium concentration, and phosphorylation of connexins. These regulatory mechanisms ensure that gap junction communication is modulated in response to physiological changes and cellular needs.

			== Pathophysiology ==

			Dysfunction of gap junctions is implicated in several diseases, including cardiac arrhythmias, neuropathies, and certain types of cancer. Mutations in connexin genes can lead to impaired gap junction communication, contributing to the pathogenesis of these conditions.

			[[File:Validation_of_the_dye_diffusion_assay_performed_with_the_flattened_cochlear_preparation.png\|thumb\|left\|Dye diffusion assay used to study gap junction communication.]]

			== Gap Junctions in the Lens ==

			Gap junctions are particularly important in the lens of the eye, where they facilitate the transport of nutrients and ions between lens fibers. This communication is essential for maintaining lens transparency and function.

			[[File:Lens3Dmap_with_txt.jpg\|thumb\|right\|3D map of lens showing gap junction distribution.]]

			== Gap Junctions in the Heart ==

			In cardiac tissue, gap junctions are critical for the propagation of electrical impulses, ensuring synchronized contraction of the heart muscle. Alterations in gap junction expression or function can lead to arrhythmias and other cardiac disorders.

			[[File:Perinexial_ephaptic_coupling.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Perinexial ephaptic coupling in cardiac tissue.]]

			== Gap Junctions in the Epithelium ==

			In epithelial tissues, gap junctions contribute to barrier function and coordinated cellular responses to environmental stimuli. They are involved in processes such as wound healing and epithelial cell differentiation.

			[[File:Epithelium_Cx50.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Expression of Cx50 in epithelial cells.]]

			== Related Pages ==
	* [[Connexin]]		* [[Connexin]]
	* [[Intercellular ~~communication~~]]		* [[Intercellular junctions]]
	* [[Cell ~~membrane~~]]		* [[Cell communication]]
	* [[~~Electrical synapse~~]]		* [[Cardiac conduction system]]

	[[Category:Cell biology]]		[[Category:Cell biology]]
	[[Category:Intercellular junctions]]		[[Category:Intercellular junctions]]

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	~~'''Gap junctions''' are~~ specialized [[intercellular connection~~]]s~~ between a multitude of [[animal cell]]-types~~. They directly connect the [[cytoplasm]] of two cells, which allows various molecules, ions and electrical impulses to directly pass through a regulated gate between cells.~~		{{Short description\|A specialized intercellular connection between a multitude of animal cell-types}}

	== ~~Structure~~ ==		==Gap Junctions==
	~~One~~ gap junction ~~channel is composed of~~ two ~~[[connexon~~]]~~s (or hemichannels), which connect across the intercellular space.~~ Gap junctions are ~~analogous to~~ the ~~[[plasmodesmata]] that join plant~~ cells.		[[File:Gap junction illustration.png\|thumb\|right\|Illustration of a gap junction between two cells.]]
			Gap junctions are specialized intercellular connections that facilitate direct communication between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. These structures are crucial for maintaining tissue homeostasis and enabling coordinated cellular functions in multicellular organisms.

	== ~~Function~~ ==		==Structure==
	Gap junctions ~~occur in virtually all tissues of the body, with the exception~~ of ~~adult fully developed~~ [[~~skeletal muscle~~]] ~~and mobile cell types such~~ as [[~~sperm]] or [[erythrocyte~~]]s. ~~They are not found in simpler organisms such as sponges~~ and ~~slime molds~~.		Gap junctions are composed of protein complexes called [[connexons]], which are formed by the assembly of six protein subunits known as [[connexins]]. Each connexon from one cell aligns with a connexon from an adjacent cell to form a continuous aqueous channel that allows ions and small molecules to pass directly from one cell to another.

	== ~~Clinical significance~~ ==		===Connexins===
	~~Mutations in gap junction~~ proteins~~, called [[~~connexin~~]]s~~, ~~can lead to~~ a ~~variety of human diseases, including [[erythrokeratodermia variabilis]], [[hearing loss]],~~ [[~~skin disease~~]], [[~~cataract~~]]s, and [[~~cardiac disease~~]].		Connexins are a family of structurally related transmembrane proteins. There are over 20 different connexin genes in humans, each encoding a protein with a unique tissue distribution and functional properties. The most common connexins include [[Connexin 43]] (Cx43), [[Connexin 32]] (Cx32), and [[Connexin 26]] (Cx26).

	== ~~See also~~ ==		==Function==
	* [[~~Cell~~ junction]]		Gap junctions play a vital role in various physiological processes, including:

			* '''Electrical coupling''': In cardiac and smooth muscle tissues, gap junctions allow for the rapid spread of electrical impulses, enabling synchronized contraction.
			* '''Metabolic cooperation''': They permit the exchange of metabolites and signaling molecules, which is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis.
			* '''Developmental signaling''': During embryonic development, gap junctions facilitate the transfer of morphogens and other signaling molecules that guide tissue differentiation and organogenesis.

			==Regulation==
			The permeability and function of gap junctions can be regulated by several factors, including:

			* '''Phosphorylation''': Post-translational modifications of connexins, such as phosphorylation, can alter gap junction communication.
			* '''pH and calcium levels''': Changes in intracellular pH and calcium concentrations can modulate gap junctional conductance.
			* '''Voltage''': Gap junction channels can be sensitive to transjunctional voltage differences, which can influence their open or closed state.

			==Pathophysiology==
			[[File:Connexin 43.png\|thumb\|left\|Connexin 43, a common connexin in human tissues.]]
			Dysfunction of gap junctions is implicated in various diseases, including:

			* '''Cardiac arrhythmias''': Abnormal gap junction communication can lead to impaired electrical conduction in the heart, resulting in arrhythmias.
			* '''Neurological disorders''': Altered gap junction function is associated with conditions such as epilepsy and [[Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease]].
			* '''Cancer''': Changes in gap junctional intercellular communication can influence tumor progression and metastasis.

			==Research and Therapeutic Potential==
			Research into gap junctions continues to uncover their complex roles in health and disease. Therapeutic strategies targeting gap junctions are being explored for conditions such as cardiac arrhythmias and neurodegenerative diseases. Modulating gap junction communication holds promise for enhancing tissue repair and regeneration.

			==Related pages==
	* [[Connexin]]		* [[Connexin]]
	* [[~~Pannexin~~]]		* [[Intercellular communication]]
	* [[~~Innexin~~]]		* [[Cell membrane]]
			* [[Electrical synapse]]
	~~== References ==~~
	~~<references />~~

	[[Category:Cell biology]]		[[Category:Cell biology]]
	[[Category:~~Membrane biology~~]]		[[Category:Intercellular junctions]]
	~~[[Category:Electrophysiology]]~~
	~~{{stub}}~~
	~~{{dictionary-stub1}}~~
	~~<gallery>~~
	~~File:Gap_cell_junction-en.svg\|Gap junction~~
	~~File:Camillo_Peracchia_fig4-6.png\|Camillo Peracchia's figure~~
	~~File:Validation_of_the_dye_diffusion_assay_performed_with_the_flattened_cochlear_preparation.png\|Validation of the dye diffusion assay~~
	~~File:Cell_pannexin_tree.svg\|Cell pannexin tree~~
	~~File:Perinexial_ephaptic_coupling.jpg\|Perinexial ephaptic coupling~~
	~~File:Lens3Dmap_with_txt.jpg\|Lens 3D map~~
	~~File:Epithelium_Cx50.jpg\|Epithelium Cx50~~
	~~File:Fiber_ends_Cx50-1.jpg\|Fiber ends Cx50~~
	~~File:Connexin43-Modulates-Cell-Polarity-and-Directional-Cell-Migration-by-Regulating-Microtubule-Dynamics-pone.0026379.s004.ogv\|Connexin43 modulates cell polarity~~
	~~</gallery>~~

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2025-02-18T12:23:16Z

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	{{stub}}		{{stub}}
	{{dictionary-stub1}}		{{dictionary-stub1}}
			<gallery>
			File:Gap_cell_junction-en.svg\|Gap junction
			File:Camillo_Peracchia_fig4-6.png\|Camillo Peracchia's figure
			File:Validation_of_the_dye_diffusion_assay_performed_with_the_flattened_cochlear_preparation.png\|Validation of the dye diffusion assay
			File:Cell_pannexin_tree.svg\|Cell pannexin tree
			File:Perinexial_ephaptic_coupling.jpg\|Perinexial ephaptic coupling
			File:Lens3Dmap_with_txt.jpg\|Lens 3D map
			File:Epithelium_Cx50.jpg\|Epithelium Cx50
			File:Fiber_ends_Cx50-1.jpg\|Fiber ends Cx50
			File:Connexin43-Modulates-Cell-Polarity-and-Directional-Cell-Migration-by-Regulating-Microtubule-Dynamics-pone.0026379.s004.ogv\|Connexin43 modulates cell polarity
			</gallery>

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2024-02-23T08:27:19Z

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'''Gap junctions''' are specialized [[intercellular connection]]s between a multitude of [[animal cell]]-types. They directly connect the [[cytoplasm]] of two cells, which allows various molecules, ions and electrical impulses to directly pass through a regulated gate between cells.

== Structure ==
One gap junction channel is composed of two [[connexon]]s (or hemichannels), which connect across the intercellular space. Gap junctions are analogous to the [[plasmodesmata]] that join plant cells.

== Function ==
Gap junctions occur in virtually all tissues of the body, with the exception of adult fully developed [[skeletal muscle]] and mobile cell types such as [[sperm]] or [[erythrocyte]]s. They are not found in simpler organisms such as sponges and slime molds.

== Clinical significance ==
Mutations in gap junction proteins, called [[connexin]]s, can lead to a variety of human diseases, including [[erythrokeratodermia variabilis]], [[hearing loss]], [[skin disease]], [[cataract]]s, and [[cardiac disease]].

== See also ==
* [[Cell junction]]
* [[Connexin]]
* [[Pannexin]]
* [[Innexin]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Cell biology]]
[[Category:Membrane biology]]
[[Category:Electrophysiology]]
{{stub}}
{{dictionary-stub1}}