Friedrich Wöhler - Revision history

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	~~{{Short description\|German chemist known for synthesizing urea}}~~		= Friedrich Wöhler =
	~~{{Use dmy dates\|date~~=~~October 2023}}~~

	~~'''~~Friedrich Wöhler~~''' (31 July 1800 – 23 September 1882) was a pioneering German chemist, best known for his synthesis of [[urea~~]], a landmark event in the history of [[organic chemistry]]. This synthesis demonstrated that organic compounds could be created from inorganic substances, challenging the prevailing belief in "vitalism"—the idea that organic compounds could only be produced by living organisms.		[[File:Friedrich_Wöhler_Litho.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Friedrich Wöhler]]

	~~==Early Life and Education==~~		'''Friedrich Wöhler''' (31 July 1800 – 23 September 1882) was a German chemist, best known for his synthesis of [[urea]], a landmark in the history of [[organic chemistry]]. Wöhler's work laid the foundation for the development of modern chemistry and demonstrated the possibility of synthesizing organic compounds from inorganic materials.
	Friedrich Wöhler was ~~born in [[Eschersheim]]~~, ~~which is now part~~ of [[~~Frankfurt am Main~~]], ~~Germany. He initially studied medicine at~~ the ~~[[University~~ of ~~Marburg]] and later at the~~ [[~~University of Heidelberg~~]]~~, where he developed an interest in chemistry~~. Wöhler's ~~passion~~ for chemistry ~~led him to study under~~ the ~~renowned chemist [[Jöns Jakob Berzelius]] in [[Stockholm]], Sweden~~.

	==~~Career~~ and ~~Research~~==		== Early Life and Education ==
	Wöhler~~'s career~~ was ~~marked by significant contributions to~~ the ~~field~~ of ~~chemistry. In 1828, while working~~ at the [[University of ~~Göttingen~~]], he ~~synthesized urea from ammonium cyanate, a process that became known as the "Wöhler synthesis." This experiment was pivotal because it~~ was the ~~first time an organic compound was synthesized from inorganic materials, thus refuting the theory of vitalism~~.		Friedrich Wöhler was born in [[Eschersheim]], which is now part of [[Frankfurt am Main]], Germany. He studied medicine at the [[University of Marburg]] and later at the [[University of Heidelberg]], where he was influenced by the chemist [[Leopold Gmelin]].

	==~~=Synthesis of Urea=~~==		== Career and Discoveries ==
	~~[[File:Urea-2D-flat.png\|thumb\|right\|200px\|Structural formula of urea]]~~
	The synthesis of urea was a groundbreaking discovery. Wöhler heated ammonium cyanate, an inorganic compound, and observed the formation of urea, an organic compound found in the urine of animals. This experiment demonstrated that organic molecules could be synthesized from inorganic precursors, laying the foundation for modern organic chemistry.

	===~~Other Contributions~~===		=== Urea Synthesis ===
	~~Wöhler made numerous other contributions to chemistry, including the isolation of the elements [~~[~~aluminum]] and~~ [~~[beryllium]]~~. ~~He also worked on the~~ synthesis of ~~[[calcium carbide~~]] ~~and~~ the ~~discovery~~ of [[~~silicon nitride~~]]. ~~His collaboration with [[Justus von Liebig]] led to~~ the ~~development~~ of the [[~~benzoyl radical~~]] ~~theory, which was crucial in the understanding of~~ organic ~~radicals~~.		[[File:Urea_Synthesis_Woehler.png\|thumb\|left\|Wöhler's synthesis of urea]]
			In 1828, Wöhler achieved the first synthesis of an organic compound from inorganic materials by converting [[ammonium cyanate]] into urea. This experiment is often cited as the beginning of modern organic chemistry, as it challenged the prevailing belief in "[[vitalism]]"—the idea that organic compounds could only be produced by living organisms.

	==~~Later Life and Legacy~~==		=== Work with Elements ===
	Wöhler ~~spent much~~ of ~~his later career as~~ a ~~professor at~~ the [[~~University of Göttingen~~]]~~, where he continued to teach and conduct research. He was highly regarded by his students and colleagues for his dedication to science and education~~.		Wöhler made significant contributions to the study of several elements. He was the first to isolate [[aluminium]] in 1827, using a method involving the reduction of [[aluminium chloride]] with [[potassium]].

	Wöhler's work had a lasting impact on the field of chemistry, particularly in the development of organic chemistry. His synthesis of urea is often cited as the beginning of modern organic chemistry, and his methods and discoveries continue to influence the field today.		[[File:Aluminium-4.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Aluminium]]

	==Related Pages==		He also worked on the isolation of [[beryllium]] and [[yttrium]].

			[[File:Beryllium_metal.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Beryllium]]
			[[File:Yttrium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Yttrium]]

			=== Collaboration with Justus von Liebig ===
			Wöhler collaborated extensively with [[Justus von Liebig]], another prominent chemist of the time. Together, they conducted pioneering research on the chemistry of [[benzoyl]] compounds and laid the groundwork for the development of [[structural chemistry]].

			== Personal Life ==
			Friedrich Wöhler was married to Auguste Wöhler, and they had several children. His son, [[August Anton Wöhler]], became a notable engineer.

			[[File:August_Anton_Wöhler.jpg\|thumb\|left\|August Anton Wöhler]]

			== Death and Legacy ==
			Wöhler passed away on 23 September 1882 in [[Göttingen]], Germany. He is buried at the [[Göttingen Stadtfriedhof]].

			[[File:Göttingen_Stadtfriedhof_Grab_Friedrich_Wöhler_2.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Wöhler's grave in Göttingen]]

			Wöhler's contributions to chemistry are commemorated in various ways, including a German postage stamp issued in 1982.

			[[File:DBP_1982_1148_Friedrich_Wöhler.jpg\|thumb\|left\|German postage stamp honoring Wöhler]]

			== Related Pages ==
	* [[Organic chemistry]]		* [[Organic chemistry]]
			* [[Justus von Liebig]]
	* [[Vitalism]]		* [[Vitalism]]
	* [[~~Jöns Jakob Berzelius]]~~		* [[University of Göttingen]]
	* [[Justus von Liebig]]

			[[Category:German chemists]]
	[[Category:1800 births]]		[[Category:1800 births]]
	[[Category:1882 deaths]]		[[Category:1882 deaths]]
	~~[[Category:German chemists]]~~
	[[Category:University of Göttingen faculty]]		[[Category:University of Göttingen faculty]]
	~~[[Category:Organic chemists]]~~

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	'''Friedrich Wöhler''' (31 July 1800 – 23 September 1882) was a German chemist, best known for his synthesis of [[urea]], ~~an organic compound from inorganic materials, which was~~ a landmark event in the ~~field~~ of organic chemistry. ~~His work is often cited as the starting point of modern~~ organic ~~chemistry. Wöhler's achievements include the isolation of several chemical elements and the discovery of several chemical~~ compounds, ~~making significant contributions to~~ the ~~development of chemistry as a science~~.		{{Short description\|German chemist known for synthesizing urea}}
			{{Use dmy dates\|date=October 2023}}

			'''Friedrich Wöhler''' (31 July 1800 – 23 September 1882) was a pioneering German chemist, best known for his synthesis of [[urea]], a landmark event in the history of [[organic chemistry]]. This synthesis demonstrated that organic compounds could be created from inorganic substances, challenging the prevailing belief in "vitalism"—the idea that organic compounds could only be produced by living organisms.

	==Early Life and Education==		==Early Life and Education==
	Friedrich Wöhler was born in Eschersheim, which is now a part of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. He initially studied medicine at the University of Marburg and later at the University of Heidelberg, where he developed an interest in chemistry. ~~Under~~ the ~~guidance of~~ [[~~Leopold Gmelin~~]], ~~Wöhler shifted his focus entirely to chemistry~~.		Friedrich Wöhler was born in [[Eschersheim]], which is now part of [[Frankfurt am Main]], Germany. He initially studied medicine at the [[University of Marburg]] and later at the [[University of Heidelberg]], where he developed an interest in chemistry. Wöhler's passion for chemistry led him to study under the renowned chemist [[Jöns Jakob Berzelius]] in [[Stockholm]], Sweden.

	==Career and Research==		==Career and Research==
	~~After completing his studies,~~ Wöhler ~~worked as an assistant to [[Jöns Jakob Berzelius]] in Stockholm, where he~~ was ~~exposed~~ to the ~~forefront~~ of ~~chemical research. This experience was instrumental in shaping his future contributions to~~ chemistry.		Wöhler's career was marked by significant contributions to the field of chemistry. In 1828, while working at the [[University of Göttingen]], he synthesized urea from ammonium cyanate, a process that became known as the "Wöhler synthesis." This experiment was pivotal because it was the first time an organic compound was synthesized from inorganic materials, thus refuting the theory of vitalism.

	In 1828, ~~Wöhler made a groundbreaking discovery by synthesizing~~ [[~~urea~~]], ~~an organic compound,~~ from ammonium cyanate, ~~an inorganic compound~~. This ~~achievement challenged the prevailing belief of~~ the time ~~that~~ organic ~~compounds could only be produced by living organisms. Wöhler's synthesis of urea demonstrated that organic compounds could be made~~ from inorganic materials, thus ~~bridging the gap between organic and inorganic chemistry.~~

	~~Wöhler's research interests were broad and included the study of [[metallurgy]], the isolation of [[beryllium]] and [[yttrium]], and~~ the ~~discovery~~ of ~~[[calcium carbide]] and [[silicon nitride]]. He also collaborated with [[Justus von Liebig]] on the discovery of [[benzoyl compounds]], further contributing to the foundation of organic chemistry~~.

	~~In addition to his research~~, ~~Wöhler held several academic positions~~, ~~including a professorship at~~ the ~~University~~ of ~~Göttingen~~, ~~where he taught for many years. His work as~~ an ~~educator helped to train a new generation~~ of ~~chemists~~, ~~spreading his influence throughout~~ the ~~scientific community~~.		===Synthesis of Urea===
			[[File:Urea-2D-flat.png\|thumb\|right\|200px\|Structural formula of urea]]
			The synthesis of urea was a groundbreaking discovery. Wöhler heated ammonium cyanate, an inorganic compound, and observed the formation of urea, an organic compound found in the urine of animals. This experiment demonstrated that organic molecules could be synthesized from inorganic precursors, laying the foundation for modern organic chemistry.

	==~~Legacy~~==		===Other Contributions===
	~~Friedrich~~ Wöhler's contributions to chemistry ~~are considered monumental~~. ~~His~~ synthesis of ~~urea not only challenged existing theories about~~ the ~~nature~~ of ~~organic compounds but also paved the way for~~ the development of ~~organic chemistry as a distinct field of study. Today~~, ~~Wöhler is remembered as a pioneer who helped to bridge~~ the ~~divide between life sciences and physical sciences~~.		Wöhler made numerous other contributions to chemistry, including the isolation of the elements [[aluminum]] and [[beryllium]]. He also worked on the synthesis of [[calcium carbide]] and the discovery of [[silicon nitride]]. His collaboration with [[Justus von Liebig]] led to the development of the [[benzoyl radical]] theory, which was crucial in the understanding of organic radicals.

	~~Wöhler received numerous honors for his work, including membership in various scientific societies~~ and ~~awards from academic institutions around the world. His legacy is preserved in the~~ Wöhler ~~synthesis~~ of ~~urea, which remains~~ a ~~fundamental experiment in~~ the ~~study~~ of ~~organic chemistry~~.		==Later Life and Legacy==
			Wöhler spent much of his later career as a professor at the [[University of Göttingen]], where he continued to teach and conduct research. He was highly regarded by his students and colleagues for his dedication to science and education.

	~~==Selected Works==~~		Wöhler's work had a lasting impact on the field of chemistry, particularly in the development of organic chemistry. His synthesis of urea is often cited as the beginning of modern organic chemistry, and his methods and discoveries continue to influence the field today.
	* Synthesis of ~~Urea (1828)~~
	* Isolation of ~~Beryllium (1828)~~
	* Discovery of ~~Calcium Carbide~~
	* Research on Silicon Nitride

	==~~See Also~~==		==Related Pages==
	* [[Organic chemistry]]		* [[Organic chemistry]]
	* [[~~Inorganic chemistry~~]]		* [[Vitalism]]
	* [[Jöns Jakob Berzelius]]		* [[Jöns Jakob Berzelius]]
	* [[Justus von Liebig]]		* [[Justus von Liebig]]

	~~==References==~~		[[Category:1800 births]]
	~~<references/>~~		[[Category:1882 deaths]]

	[[Category:~~Chemists~~]]
	[[Category:German chemists]]		[[Category:German chemists]]
	[[Category:~~History~~ of ~~chemistry~~]]		[[Category:University of Göttingen faculty]]
	~~{{Chemist-stub}}~~		[[Category:Organic chemists]]
	~~<gallery>~~
	~~File~~:~~Friedrich_Wöhler_Litho.jpg\|Portrait of Friedrich Wöhler~~
	~~File:Aluminium-4.jpg\|Aluminium sample~~
	~~File:Beryllium_metal.jpg\|Beryllium metal~~
	~~File:Yttrium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg\|Yttrium sublimed dendritic and 1cm3 cube~~
	~~File:August_Anton_Wöhler.jpg\|August Anton Wöhler~~
	~~File:Urea_Synthesis_Woehler.png\|Urea synthesis by Wöhler~~
	~~File:DBP_1982_1148_Friedrich_Wöhler.jpg\|German postage stamp featuring Friedrich Wöhler~~
	~~File:Göttingen_Stadtfriedhof_Grab_Friedrich_Wöhler_2.jpg\|Grave of Friedrich Wöhler in Göttingen Stadtfriedhof~~
	~~File:Friedrich-Wöhler-Gymnasium_in_Singen_-_Haupteingang.JPG\|Friedrich-Wöhler-Gymnasium in Singen - Main entrance~~
	~~</gallery>~~

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	[[Category:History of chemistry]]		[[Category:History of chemistry]]
	{{Chemist-stub}}		{{Chemist-stub}}
			<gallery>
			File:Friedrich_Wöhler_Litho.jpg\|Portrait of Friedrich Wöhler
			File:Aluminium-4.jpg\|Aluminium sample
			File:Beryllium_metal.jpg\|Beryllium metal
			File:Yttrium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg\|Yttrium sublimed dendritic and 1cm3 cube
			File:August_Anton_Wöhler.jpg\|August Anton Wöhler
			File:Urea_Synthesis_Woehler.png\|Urea synthesis by Wöhler
			File:DBP_1982_1148_Friedrich_Wöhler.jpg\|German postage stamp featuring Friedrich Wöhler
			File:Göttingen_Stadtfriedhof_Grab_Friedrich_Wöhler_2.jpg\|Grave of Friedrich Wöhler in Göttingen Stadtfriedhof
			File:Friedrich-Wöhler-Gymnasium_in_Singen_-_Haupteingang.JPG\|Friedrich-Wöhler-Gymnasium in Singen - Main entrance
			</gallery>

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2024-03-19T05:10:02Z

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'''Friedrich Wöhler''' (31 July 1800 – 23 September 1882) was a German chemist, best known for his synthesis of [[urea]], an organic compound from inorganic materials, which was a landmark event in the field of organic chemistry. His work is often cited as the starting point of modern organic chemistry. Wöhler's achievements include the isolation of several chemical elements and the discovery of several chemical compounds, making significant contributions to the development of chemistry as a science.

==Early Life and Education==
Friedrich Wöhler was born in Eschersheim, which is now a part of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. He initially studied medicine at the University of Marburg and later at the University of Heidelberg, where he developed an interest in chemistry. Under the guidance of [[Leopold Gmelin]], Wöhler shifted his focus entirely to chemistry.

==Career and Research==
After completing his studies, Wöhler worked as an assistant to [[Jöns Jakob Berzelius]] in Stockholm, where he was exposed to the forefront of chemical research. This experience was instrumental in shaping his future contributions to chemistry.

In 1828, Wöhler made a groundbreaking discovery by synthesizing [[urea]], an organic compound, from ammonium cyanate, an inorganic compound. This achievement challenged the prevailing belief of the time that organic compounds could only be produced by living organisms. Wöhler's synthesis of urea demonstrated that organic compounds could be made from inorganic materials, thus bridging the gap between organic and inorganic chemistry.

Wöhler's research interests were broad and included the study of [[metallurgy]], the isolation of [[beryllium]] and [[yttrium]], and the discovery of [[calcium carbide]] and [[silicon nitride]]. He also collaborated with [[Justus von Liebig]] on the discovery of [[benzoyl compounds]], further contributing to the foundation of organic chemistry.

In addition to his research, Wöhler held several academic positions, including a professorship at the University of Göttingen, where he taught for many years. His work as an educator helped to train a new generation of chemists, spreading his influence throughout the scientific community.

==Legacy==
Friedrich Wöhler's contributions to chemistry are considered monumental. His synthesis of urea not only challenged existing theories about the nature of organic compounds but also paved the way for the development of organic chemistry as a distinct field of study. Today, Wöhler is remembered as a pioneer who helped to bridge the divide between life sciences and physical sciences.

Wöhler received numerous honors for his work, including membership in various scientific societies and awards from academic institutions around the world. His legacy is preserved in the Wöhler synthesis of urea, which remains a fundamental experiment in the study of organic chemistry.

==Selected Works==
* Synthesis of Urea (1828)
* Isolation of Beryllium (1828)
* Discovery of Calcium Carbide
* Research on Silicon Nitride

==See Also==
* [[Organic chemistry]]
* [[Inorganic chemistry]]
* [[Jöns Jakob Berzelius]]
* [[Justus von Liebig]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Chemists]]
[[Category:German chemists]]
[[Category:History of chemistry]]
{{Chemist-stub}}