Francium - Revision history

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	[[Category:Radioactive elements]]		[[Category:Radioactive elements]]
	[[Category:1939 introductions]]		[[Category:1939 introductions]]
			== Francium ==
			<gallery>
			File:Pichblende.jpg\|Pichblende
			File:franciumtrap.PNG\|Francium trap
			File:Francium_(200,000_francium_atoms_in_a_magneto-optical_trap).jpg\|Francium (200,000 francium atoms in a magneto-optical trap)
			File:Fr,87.jpg\|Fr, 87
			</gallery>

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	~~[[file:Pichblende.jpg\|thumb\|left]] [[file:franciumtrap.PNG\|thumb\|left]] {{Short description\|Chemical element, symbol Fr and atomic number 87}}~~		Francium
	~~{{Infobox chemical element~~
	~~\| name =~~ Francium
	~~\| symbol = Fr~~
	~~\| number = 87~~
	~~\| pronun =~~
	~~\| named_by = [[Marguerite Perey]]~~
	~~\| mass = [223]~~
	~~\| density_gpcm3 = 1.87~~
	~~\| density_gpcm3_nota =~~
	~~\| density_note =~~
	~~\| melting_point_k = 300~~
	~~\| melting_point_c = 27~~
	~~\| melting_point_f = 81~~
	~~\| boiling_point_k = 950~~
	~~\| boiling_point_c = 677~~
	~~\| boiling_point_f = 1251~~
	~~\| heat_fusion =~~
	~~\| heat_vaporization =~~
	~~\| heat_capacity =~~
	~~\| crystal_structure =~~
	~~\| oxidation_states = +1~~
	~~\| electronegativity = 0.7~~
	~~\| number_of_isotopes = 34~~
	~~\| number_of_isotopes_note =~~
	~~\| ionization_energies =~~
	~~\| atomic_radius =~~
	~~\| covalent_radius = 260~~
	~~\| van_der_waals_radius =~~
	~~\| magnetic_ordering =~~
	~~\| electrical_resistivity =~~
	~~\| thermal_conductivity =~~
	~~\| thermal_expansion =~~
	~~\| speed_of_sound =~~
	~~\| youngs_modulus =~~
	~~\| shear_modulus =~~
	~~\| bulk_modulus =~~
	~~\| poisson_ratio =~~
	~~\| CAS_number = 7440-73-5~~
	~~\| discovery = [[Marguerite Perey]] (1939)~~
	~~\| first_isolation =~~
	}}

	~~'''~~Francium~~'''~~ is a [[~~chemical element~~]] with the ~~[[chemical~~ symbol~~]] '''~~Fr~~'''~~ and [[atomic number]] 87. It is ~~an extremely rare and highly radioactive~~ [[~~alkali metal~~]]. Francium is the ~~second-least~~ [[~~electronegative~~]] ~~element~~, ~~only after~~ [[~~cesium~~]], and ~~is the least~~ [[~~electron affinity\|electron-affinitive~~]] ~~element~~.		Francium is a highly radioactive [[alkali metal]] with the symbol Fr and atomic number 87. It is the second rarest naturally occurring element, after [[astatine]]. Francium is an element of the [[periodic table]] and belongs to the group of alkali metals, which also includes [[lithium]], [[sodium]], [[potassium]], [[rubidium]], and [[cesium]].

	== ~~History~~ ==		==Discovery==
	Francium was discovered by [[Marguerite Perey~~]] in 1939 while she was working as an assistant to [[Marie Curie~~]] at the [[~~Curie Institute (Paris)\|~~Curie Institute]] in [[Paris]]. It was the last element discovered in nature rather than ~~by synthesis. Perey~~ named the ~~element after her home~~ country~~, [[France]]~~.		Francium was discovered in 1939 by [[Marguerite Perey]] at the [[Curie Institute]] in Paris. It was the last element to be discovered in nature, rather than synthesized in the laboratory, and was named after France, the country of its discovery.

	== ~~Characteristics~~ ==		==Properties==
	Francium is highly radioactive; its most stable [[isotope]], francium-223, has a half-life of only 22 minutes. Due to its high instability, francium is one of the least studied elements. It is estimated that there are no more than 30 grams of francium in the Earth's crust at any given time.

	=== Physical ~~properties~~ ===		===Physical Properties===
	Francium is presumed to have a melting point of around 27 °C (81 °F) and a boiling point of about 677 °C (1251 °F)~~. It is expected to be a soft, highly reactive metal, similar to other elements in the [[alkali metal]] group~~.		Francium is a highly unstable and radioactive element. It is presumed to be a soft, metallic solid at room temperature, but due to its extreme rarity and radioactivity, its physical properties are not well characterized. Francium is expected to have a melting point of around 27 °C (81 °F) and a boiling point of about 677 °C (1251 °F).

	=== Chemical ~~properties~~ ===		===Chemical Properties===
	~~Francium reacts violently~~ with water, ~~producing~~ francium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. ~~It also reacts with [[halogens]]~~ to form francium ~~halides. Due to its extreme rarity~~ and ~~radioactivity,~~ francium ~~has no commercial applications and is primarily of interest for research purposes~~.		As an alkali metal, francium is expected to have similar chemical properties to other elements in its group. It is highly reactive, especially with water, forming francium hydroxide and releasing hydrogen gas. Francium is expected to form +1 oxidation state compounds, such as francium chloride (FrCl) and francium sulfate (Fr2SO4).

	== ~~Isotopes~~ ==		==Occurrence==
	Francium ~~has 34 known isotopes~~, ~~with francium~~-~~223 being the most stable~~. ~~The isotopes~~ of francium ~~range~~ in ~~atomic mass from 199 to 232. Most of these isotopes have very short half-lives, making them difficult to study~~.		Francium occurs naturally in trace amounts in uranium and thorium minerals, where it is produced by the alpha decay of actinium-227. It is estimated that there is less than one ounce of francium in the Earth's crust at any given time.

	== ~~Occurrence~~ ==		==Isotopes==
	Francium ~~occurs naturally as~~ a ~~result~~ of ~~the [[alpha decay]] of [[actinium]]~~. It ~~is found in trace amounts in~~ [[~~uranium~~]] ~~and [[thorium]] ores~~. Due to its short half-life, it is extremely rare ~~in nature~~.		Francium has no stable isotopes. The most stable isotope, francium-223, has a half-life of only 22 minutes. It decays into [[radium-223]] through beta decay. Due to its short half-life, francium is extremely rare and difficult to study.

	== Applications ==		==Applications==
	Due to its scarcity and radioactivity, francium has no significant commercial applications. It is primarily ~~used in scientific~~ research~~, particularly~~ in the fields of [[nuclear physics~~]] and [[chemistry]]~~.		Due to its scarcity and radioactivity, francium has no significant commercial applications. It is primarily of interest for research purposes in the fields of chemistry and nuclear physics.

	== See ~~also~~ ==		==Health and Safety==
			Francium is highly radioactive and poses significant health risks due to its intense radiation. It is not encountered outside of specialized research laboratories, and strict safety protocols are required when handling it.

			==See Also==
	* [[Alkali metal]]		* [[Alkali metal]]
	* [[Radioactivity]]		* [[Radioactivity]]
	* [[Periodic table]]		* [[Periodic table]]

	~~== References ==~~		{{Element footer}}
	{{~~Reflist~~}}

	~~== External links ==~~		[[Category:Alkali metals]]

	~~{{Periodic table}}~~
	{{Alkali metals}}
	[[Category:Chemical elements]]		[[Category:Chemical elements]]
	~~[[Category:Alkali metals]]~~
	[[Category:Radioactive elements]]		[[Category:Radioactive elements]]
	[[Category:1939 ~~in science~~]]		[[Category:1939 introductions]]
	~~[[Category:Science and technology in France]]~~
	~~{{chemistry-stub}}~~

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[[file:Pichblende.jpg|thumb|left]] [[file:franciumtrap.PNG|thumb|left]] {{Short description|Chemical element, symbol Fr and atomic number 87}}
{{Infobox chemical element
| name = Francium
| symbol = Fr
| number = 87
| pronun =
| named_by = [[Marguerite Perey]]
| mass = [223]
| density_gpcm3 = 1.87
| density_gpcm3_nota =
| density_note =
| melting_point_k = 300
| melting_point_c = 27
| melting_point_f = 81
| boiling_point_k = 950
| boiling_point_c = 677
| boiling_point_f = 1251
| heat_fusion =
| heat_vaporization =
| heat_capacity =
| crystal_structure =
| oxidation_states = +1
| electronegativity = 0.7
| number_of_isotopes = 34
| number_of_isotopes_note =
| ionization_energies =
| atomic_radius =
| covalent_radius = 260
| van_der_waals_radius =
| magnetic_ordering =
| electrical_resistivity =
| thermal_conductivity =
| thermal_expansion =
| speed_of_sound =
| youngs_modulus =
| shear_modulus =
| bulk_modulus =
| poisson_ratio =
| CAS_number = 7440-73-5
| discovery = [[Marguerite Perey]] (1939)
| first_isolation =
}}

'''Francium''' is a [[chemical element]] with the [[chemical symbol]] '''Fr''' and [[atomic number]] 87. It is an extremely rare and highly radioactive [[alkali metal]]. Francium is the second-least [[electronegative]] element, only after [[cesium]], and is the least [[electron affinity|electron-affinitive]] element.

== History ==
Francium was discovered by [[Marguerite Perey]] in 1939 while she was working as an assistant to [[Marie Curie]] at the [[Curie Institute (Paris)|Curie Institute]] in [[Paris]]. It was the last element discovered in nature rather than by synthesis. Perey named the element after her home country, [[France]].

== Characteristics ==
Francium is highly radioactive; its most stable [[isotope]], francium-223, has a half-life of only 22 minutes. Due to its high instability, francium is one of the least studied elements. It is estimated that there are no more than 30 grams of francium in the Earth's crust at any given time.

=== Physical properties ===
Francium is presumed to have a melting point of around 27 °C (81 °F) and a boiling point of about 677 °C (1251 °F). It is expected to be a soft, highly reactive metal, similar to other elements in the [[alkali metal]] group.

=== Chemical properties ===
Francium reacts violently with water, producing francium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. It also reacts with [[halogens]] to form francium halides. Due to its extreme rarity and radioactivity, francium has no commercial applications and is primarily of interest for research purposes.

== Isotopes ==
Francium has 34 known isotopes, with francium-223 being the most stable. The isotopes of francium range in atomic mass from 199 to 232. Most of these isotopes have very short half-lives, making them difficult to study.

== Occurrence ==
Francium occurs naturally as a result of the [[alpha decay]] of [[actinium]]. It is found in trace amounts in [[uranium]] and [[thorium]] ores. Due to its short half-life, it is extremely rare in nature.

== Applications ==
Due to its scarcity and radioactivity, francium has no significant commercial applications. It is primarily used in scientific research, particularly in the fields of [[nuclear physics]] and [[chemistry]].

== See also ==
* [[Alkali metal]]
* [[Radioactivity]]
* [[Periodic table]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Periodic table}}
{{Alkali metals}}
[[Category:Chemical elements]]
[[Category:Alkali metals]]
[[Category:Radioactive elements]]
[[Category:1939 in science]]
[[Category:Science and technology in France]]
{{chemistry-stub}}