Flavonoid - Revision history

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	== Flavonoid ==		= Flavonoid =

	[[File:~~Flavonoid_structure~~.~~png~~\|thumb\|right\|~~200px\|General structure~~ of flavonoids.]]		[[File:Flavonoids.svg\|thumb\|right\|Structure of flavonoids]]

	Flavonoids are a ~~diverse group~~ of [[~~phytonutrients~~]] ~~(plant chemicals)~~ found in ~~almost all~~ [[~~fruits]] and [[vegetables~~]]. ~~Along with carotenoids, they are responsible for the vivid colors in fruits and vegetables. Flavonoids~~ are known for their beneficial ~~effects on health, and they are an important part of a variety of~~ [[~~dietary supplements~~]] and [[~~herbal remedies~~]].		'''Flavonoids''' are a class of [[polyphenolic]] compounds found in many [[plants]]. They are known for their diverse beneficial [[biological activities]] in humans and are a significant part of the [[human diet]].

	== Structure ==		== Structure ==

	Flavonoids ~~are polyphenolic compounds that~~ are characterized by their ~~general structure~~, which consists of ~~15 carbon atoms arranged in a C6-C3-C6 configuration. This structure includes~~ two phenyl rings (A and B) and a heterocyclic ring (C). ~~The variations in the~~ structure ~~of the C ring and the hydroxylation pattern of the A and B rings lead to the classification of flavonoids into different subgroups~~.		Flavonoids are characterized by their [[15-carbon]] skeleton, which consists of two [[phenyl]] rings (A and B) and a heterocyclic ring (C). This structure can be abbreviated as C6-C3-C6.

	~~== Classification ==~~		[[File:Flavone_skeleton_colored.svg\|thumb\|left\|Flavone skeleton]]

	~~Flavonoids are classified into several subgroups based on their chemical~~ structure:		The basic structure of flavonoids can be modified in various ways, leading to different subclasses such as [[flavones]], [[flavonols]], [[isoflavones]], and others.

	* '''[[Flavonols]]''': These include quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin. They are found in onions, kale, and broccoli.		== Subclasses ==
	* '''[[Flavones]]''': Examples include apigenin and luteolin, found in parsley and celery.
	* '''[[Flavanones]]''': Such as hesperidin and naringenin, found in citrus fruits.
	* '''[[Flavanols]] (or catechins)''': These include catechin and epicatechin, found in tea and cocoa.
	* '''[[Anthocyanins]]''': Responsible for the red, purple, and blue colors in berries, grapes, and red cabbage.
	* '''[[Isoflavones]]''': Found in soy products, these include genistein and daidzein.

	== ~~Biological Functions~~ ==		=== Flavones ===

			[[File:Flavone_skeleton_colored.svg\|thumb\|right\|Flavone structure]]

			Flavones are characterized by a double bond between C2 and C3 and a ketone at C4. They are commonly found in [[parsley]], [[celery]], and [[chamomile]].

			=== Flavonols ===

			[[File:Flavonol_skeleton_colored.svg\|thumb\|left\|Flavonol structure]]

			Flavonols have a hydroxyl group at C3 in addition to the structure of flavones. They are abundant in [[onions]], [[kale]], and [[broccoli]].

			=== Isoflavones ===

			[[File:Isoflavan.svg\|thumb\|right\|Isoflavone structure]]

			Isoflavones have a different arrangement of the B ring, which is attached at C3 of the C ring. They are primarily found in [[soybeans]] and other [[legumes]].

			=== Flavanones ===

			Flavanones are similar to flavones but lack the double bond between C2 and C3. They are found in [[citrus fruits]] like [[oranges]] and [[grapefruits]].

			=== Anthocyanins ===

			Anthocyanins are pigments responsible for the red, purple, and blue colors in many fruits and vegetables. They are water-soluble and found in [[berries]], [[grapes]], and [[red cabbage]].

			=== Chalcones ===

	~~Flavonoids have a wide range of biological activities, including:~~		Chalcones are open-chain flavonoids that serve as precursors to other flavonoid classes. They are found in [[licorice]] and [[hops]].

	* '''Antioxidant activity''': Flavonoids can neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, which is linked to various chronic diseases.		== Biological Functions ==
	* '''Anti-inflammatory effects''': They can modulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes.
	* '''Cardiovascular benefits''': Flavonoids improve endothelial function, reduce blood pressure, and have antithrombotic effects.
	* '''Anticancer properties''': Some flavonoids can inhibit the growth of cancer cells and induce apoptosis.
	* '''Neuroprotective effects''': They may protect against neurodegenerative diseases by reducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.

	~~== Dietary Sources ==~~		Flavonoids are known for their [[antioxidant]] properties, which help in neutralizing [[free radicals]] and reducing [[oxidative stress]]. They also exhibit [[anti-inflammatory]], [[antiviral]], and [[anticancer]] activities.

	~~Flavonoids are abundant in a variety of foods~~. ~~Some~~ of ~~the richest sources include:~~		[[File:Flavonoids_Biochemistry.png\|thumb\|left\|Biochemical pathways of flavonoids]]

	* '''Fruits''': Apples, berries, grapes, and ~~citrus fruits~~.		Flavonoids can modulate [[cell signaling]] pathways and influence the activity of various [[enzymes]]. They are also involved in the regulation of [[gene expression]].
	* '''Vegetables''': Onions, kale, and broccoli.
	* '''Beverages''': Tea, red wine, and cocoa.
	* '''Legumes''': Soybeans and other legumes.

	== ~~Health Benefits~~ ==		== Dietary Sources ==

	~~The consumption~~ of ~~flavonoid-rich~~ foods ~~is associated with numerous health benefits, including~~:		Flavonoids are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and are present in a variety of foods and beverages. Common sources include:

	* ~~'''Reduced risk of cardiovascular disease'''~~: ~~Regular intake of flavonoids is linked to a lower risk of heart disease and stroke.~~		* [[Fruits]]: [[apples]], [[berries]], [[grapes]]
	* ~~'''Improved cognitive function'''~~: ~~Flavonoids may enhance memory and learning~~, ~~and protect against cognitive decline.~~		* [[Vegetables]]: [[onions]], [[kale]], [[broccoli]]
	* ~~'''Lower risk of certain cancers'''~~: ~~Diets high in flavonoids are associated with a reduced risk of certain types of cancer.~~		* [[Beverages]]: [[tea]], [[red wine]], [[citrus juices]]

	== Related Pages ==		== Related Pages ==
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	* [[Polyphenol]]		* [[Polyphenol]]
	* [[Antioxidant]]		* [[Antioxidant]]
	* [[~~Phytonutrient]]~~		* [[Plant secondary metabolism]]
	* [[Dietary supplement]]

	[[Category:~~Phytochemicals]]~~		[[Category:Flavonoids]]
	~~[[Category:Nutrition]]~~
	~~[[Category:Antioxidants~~]]

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-'''Flavonoids''' are a class of [[polyphenolic compounds]] found in [[plants]], with a basic structure consisting of two aromatic rings bound together by three carbon atoms that form an oxygenated heterocycle. They are known for their diverse range of biological activities and play a significant role in plant coloration, growth, and defense. Flavonoids are also recognized for their health benefits in humans, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic properties.
+== Flavonoid ==
-==Classification==
+[[File:Flavonoid_structure.png|thumb|right|200px|General structure of flavonoids.]]
-Each subclass contains numerous compounds with varying degrees of biological activity and health benefits.
+Flavonoids are a diverse group of [[phytonutrients]] (plant chemicals) found in almost all [[fruits]] and [[vegetables]]. Along with carotenoids, they are responsible for the vivid colors in fruits and vegetables. Flavonoids are known for their beneficial effects on health, and they are an important part of a variety of [[dietary supplements]] and [[herbal remedies]].
-==Biosynthesis==
+== Structure ==
-==Functions in Plants==
+Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds that are characterized by their general structure, which consists of 15 carbon atoms arranged in a C6-C3-C6 configuration. This structure includes two phenyl rings (A and B) and a heterocyclic ring (C). The variations in the structure of the C ring and the hydroxylation pattern of the A and B rings lead to the classification of flavonoids into different subgroups.
-==Health Benefits in Humans==
+== Classification ==
-==Dietary Sources==
+Flavonoids are classified into several subgroups based on their chemical structure:
-==Research and Considerations==
+* '''[[Flavonols]]''': These include quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin. They are found in onions, kale, and broccoli.
-While research supports the health benefits of flavonoids, it is important to consume them as part of a balanced diet. Excessive consumption of flavonoid-rich foods or supplements may have adverse effects. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms behind the health benefits of flavonoids and to establish recommended dietary intakes.
+* '''[[Flavones]]''': Examples include apigenin and luteolin, found in parsley and celery.
-==See Also==
+== Biological Functions ==
-[[Category:Biochemistry]]
+Flavonoids have a wide range of biological activities, including:
 [[Category:Nutrition]]
-[[Category:Phytochemicals]]
+[[Category:Antioxidants]]

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	{{Nutrition-stub}}		{{Nutrition-stub}}
	{{Biochemistry-stub}}		{{Biochemistry-stub}}
			<gallery>
			File:Flavon.svg\|Flavonoid
			File:Isoflavan.svg\|Flavonoid
			File:4-phenylcoumarin.svg\|Flavonoid
			File:Flavonoids_Biochemistry.png\|Flavonoid
			File:Flavonoids.svg\|Flavonoid
			File:Flavylium_cation.svg\|Flavonoid
			File:Flavone_skeleton_colored.svg\|Flavonoid
			File:Flavonol_skeleton_colored.svg\|Flavonoid
			File:Flavanone_skeleton_colored.svg\|Flavonoid
			File:Flavanonol_skeleton_colored.svg\|Flavonoid
			File:Flavan_acsv.svg\|Flavonoid
			File:Flavan-3-ol.svg\|Flavonoid
			</gallery>

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2024-03-22T08:19:39Z

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New page

'''Flavonoids''' are a class of [[polyphenolic compounds]] found in [[plants]], with a basic structure consisting of two aromatic rings bound together by three carbon atoms that form an oxygenated heterocycle. They are known for their diverse range of biological activities and play a significant role in plant coloration, growth, and defense. Flavonoids are also recognized for their health benefits in humans, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic properties.

==Classification==
Flavonoids can be classified into several subclasses based on their chemical structure:
* [[Flavones]]
* [[Flavonols]]
* [[Flavanones]]
* [[Flavan-3-ols]] (or catechins)
* [[Anthocyanins]]
* [[Isoflavonoids]]

Each subclass contains numerous compounds with varying degrees of biological activity and health benefits.

==Biosynthesis==
The biosynthesis of flavonoids in plants involves several enzymatic steps, starting from the amino acid phenylalanine. The process is regulated by a complex network of genes and is influenced by environmental factors such as light, temperature, and pathogen exposure.

==Functions in Plants==
In plants, flavonoids serve multiple functions:
* They contribute to the pigmentation of flowers, fruits, and leaves, attracting pollinators and seed dispersers.
* Flavonoids act as antioxidants, protecting plants from oxidative stress.
* They play a role in plant defense against pathogens and herbivores.
* Flavonoids are involved in the regulation of plant growth and development.

==Health Benefits in Humans==
Flavonoids are considered beneficial for human health due to their antioxidant properties, which help neutralize harmful free radicals in the body. Other health benefits include:
* Reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.
* Anti-inflammatory effects that may help reduce the risk of certain chronic conditions.
* Potential to improve brain health and protect against neurodegenerative diseases.

==Dietary Sources==
Flavonoids are widely distributed in the plant-based diet, with rich sources including:
* [[Fruits]] (e.g., berries, apples, and citrus fruits)
* [[Vegetables]] (e.g., onions, kale, and broccoli)
* [[Tea]], especially green tea
* [[Wine]] and [[grape]]s
* [[Cocoa]] and dark chocolate

==Research and Considerations==
While research supports the health benefits of flavonoids, it is important to consume them as part of a balanced diet. Excessive consumption of flavonoid-rich foods or supplements may have adverse effects. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms behind the health benefits of flavonoids and to establish recommended dietary intakes.

==See Also==
* [[Polyphenols]]
* [[Antioxidants]]
* [[Phytochemicals]]

[[Category:Biochemistry]]
[[Category:Nutrition]]
[[Category:Phytochemicals]]

{{Nutrition-stub}}
{{Biochemistry-stub}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:01, 18 February 2025
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	{{Nutrition-stub}}		{{Nutrition-stub}}
	{{Biochemistry-stub}}		{{Biochemistry-stub}}
			<gallery>
			File:Flavon.svg\|Flavonoid
			File:Isoflavan.svg\|Flavonoid
			File:4-phenylcoumarin.svg\|Flavonoid
			File:Flavonoids_Biochemistry.png\|Flavonoid
			File:Flavonoids.svg\|Flavonoid
			File:Flavylium_cation.svg\|Flavonoid
			File:Flavone_skeleton_colored.svg\|Flavonoid
			File:Flavonol_skeleton_colored.svg\|Flavonoid
			File:Flavanone_skeleton_colored.svg\|Flavonoid
			File:Flavanonol_skeleton_colored.svg\|Flavonoid
			File:Flavan_acsv.svg\|Flavonoid
			File:Flavan-3-ol.svg\|Flavonoid
			</gallery>