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			<gallery>
			File:PBR322_plasmid_showing_restriction_sites_and_resistance_genes.jpg\|PBR322 plasmid showing restriction sites and resistance genes
			File:Map_of_the_human_mitochondrial_genome.svg\|Map of the human mitochondrial genome
			File:Mitochondrial_inheritance.svg\|Mitochondrial inheritance
			</gallery>

Prab: CSV import

2024-02-23T02:42:21Z

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'''Extrachromosomal DNA''' is a type of [[DNA]] that is not located within the [[chromosomes]]. Instead, it is found outside of the chromosomes in the [[cytoplasm]] or [[nucleus]]. This DNA can be found in various forms such as [[plasmids]], [[mitochondrial DNA]], and [[chloroplast DNA]].

== Overview ==

Extrachromosomal DNA is a significant part of the [[genetic material]] in a cell. It is not bound by the same restrictions as chromosomal DNA, allowing it to replicate independently and often at a faster rate. This can lead to an increase in the number of copies of certain genes, which can have various effects on the organism.

== Types of Extrachromosomal DNA ==

=== Plasmids ===

[[Plasmids]] are small, circular pieces of DNA that are found in bacteria and some eukaryotes. They can replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA and can be transferred between cells. Plasmids often carry genes that provide a survival advantage to the organism, such as antibiotic resistance genes.

=== Mitochondrial DNA ===

[[Mitochondrial DNA]] (mtDNA) is found in the mitochondria, the energy-producing organelles in the cell. Unlike chromosomal DNA, mtDNA is inherited solely from the mother. Mutations in mtDNA can lead to various diseases, including [[Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy]] and [[mitochondrial myopathy]].

=== Chloroplast DNA ===

[[Chloroplast DNA]] (cpDNA) is found in the chloroplasts of plants and algae. Like mtDNA, cpDNA is inherited from the mother. It is responsible for photosynthesis and other functions of the chloroplast.

== Role in Disease ==

Extrachromosomal DNA can play a role in disease. For example, certain cancers have been found to have high levels of extrachromosomal DNA, which can lead to an increase in the number of copies of oncogenes. This can drive the growth and spread of the cancer.

== See Also ==

* [[DNA]]
* [[Chromosomes]]
* [[Plasmids]]
* [[Mitochondrial DNA]]
* [[Chloroplast DNA]]

[[Category:Genetics]]
[[Category:DNA]]
[[Category:Cell biology]]

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Extrachromosomal DNA - Revision history

Prab: CSV import

Prab: CSV import