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	~~'''Estrous~~ cycle~~''' is a recurring physiological change that occurs~~ in ~~reproductive-age female~~ mammals. The estrous cycle is characterized by changes in the female reproductive system that prepare the body for potential pregnancy. The cycle is regulated by hormones, including [[estrogen]] and [[progesterone]], and involves several stages, including proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus.		{{Short description\|Overview of the estrous cycle in mammals}}
			{{Use dmy dates\|date=October 2023}}

	== Overview ==		==Overview==
			The '''estrous cycle''' is a recurring physiological process that occurs in most [[female]] [[mammals]], including many [[domesticated animals]]. It is the period during which a female is sexually receptive and capable of conceiving. The cycle is characterized by a series of hormonal changes that prepare the body for [[ovulation]] and potential [[pregnancy]].

	~~The estrous cycle is the female reproductive cycle in mammals that are not primates, including rodents, cows, and dogs. It is similar to the~~ [[~~menstrual cycle]] in humans and primates, but there are some key differences~~. ~~For example, in~~ the estrous cycle~~, the endometrium (the lining of the uterus) is reabsorbed if pregnancy does not occur, whereas in the menstrual cycle, the endometrium is shed as menstrual flow~~.		[[File:Estrous_cycle.png\|thumb\|right\|Diagram of the estrous cycle stages.]]

	== ~~Stages~~ of the Estrous Cycle ==		==Phases of the Estrous Cycle==
			The estrous cycle is divided into several distinct phases:

	The ~~estrous cycle consists of several stages:~~		===Proestrus===
			During the '''proestrus''' phase, the body prepares for ovulation. This phase is marked by the growth of [[follicles]] in the [[ovaries]] and an increase in [[estrogen]] levels. The [[endometrium]] begins to thicken in preparation for a potential pregnancy.

	* '''~~Proestrus~~'''~~: This~~ is the ~~stage after the end of the previous cycle~~ and ~~before the next ovulation~~. ~~The levels of estrogen start to increase, which causes~~ the ~~endometrium~~ to ~~thicken in preparation for potential pregnancy~~.		===Estrus===
			The '''estrus''' phase, also known as "heat," is when the female is sexually receptive. Ovulation occurs during this phase, and estrogen levels peak. This is the optimal time for [[fertilization]] to occur.

	* '''~~Estrus~~'''~~: This is~~ the ~~stage when~~ the ~~female is receptive~~ to ~~mating (also known as "in heat")~~. ~~Ovulation occurs during this stage~~.		===Metestrus===
			Following estrus, the '''metestrus''' phase begins. During this time, the [[corpus luteum]] forms from the remnants of the follicle and begins to secrete [[progesterone]]. This hormone helps maintain the endometrium and supports early pregnancy if fertilization has occurred.

	* '''~~Metestrus~~'''~~: This stage occurs after ovulation~~. ~~The~~ corpus luteum, ~~which is the structure that~~ the ~~egg was released from, starts~~ to ~~produce progesterone~~.		===Diestrus===
			The '''diestrus''' phase is characterized by high levels of progesterone. If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, leading to a decrease in progesterone levels and the eventual return to proestrus.

	* '''~~Diestrus~~''': This ~~is the stage when~~ the ~~corpus luteum is fully functional. If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates~~ and ~~the cycle starts again~~.		===Anestrus===
			Some species experience an '''anestrus''' phase, a period of reproductive inactivity between cycles. This phase can vary in length depending on the species and environmental factors.

	== Hormonal Regulation ==		==Hormonal Regulation==
			The estrous cycle is regulated by a complex interplay of hormones, primarily [[gonadotropin-releasing hormone]] (GnRH), [[luteinizing hormone]] (LH), [[follicle-stimulating hormone]] (FSH), estrogen, and progesterone. These hormones are produced by the [[hypothalamus]], [[pituitary gland]], and ovaries.

	~~The estrous cycle is regulated by several hormones, including:~~		==Species Variations==
			Different species exhibit variations in the length and characteristics of their estrous cycles. For example, [[dogs]] have a cycle that lasts approximately six months, while [[cows]] have a cycle of about 21 days. Understanding these differences is crucial for [[veterinary medicine]] and [[animal husbandry]].
	* '''[[Gonadotropin-releasing hormone]] (GnRH)''': This hormone is released by the ~~hypothalamus~~ and ~~stimulates the pituitary gland to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)~~.

	* '''[[~~Follicle-stimulating hormone~~]] ~~(FSH)''': This hormone stimulates the growth of follicles in the ovaries.~~

	* '''[[~~Luteinizing hormone~~]] ~~(LH)''': This hormone triggers ovulation and the formation~~ of ~~the corpus luteum~~.

	* '''[[~~Estrogen~~]]~~''': This hormone is produced by the follicles~~ and ~~prepares the body for ovulation.~~

	* '''[[~~Progesterone~~]]~~''': This hormone is produced by the corpus luteum and prepares the body for pregnancy~~.

	~~== See Also ==~~

			==Related pages==
	* [[Menstrual cycle]]		* [[Menstrual cycle]]
			* [[Reproductive system]]
	* [[Ovulation]]		* [[Ovulation]]
	* [[~~Reproductive system]]~~		* [[Hormonal contraception]]
	* [[Hormones]]

	[[Category:Reproductive system]]		[[Category:Reproductive system]]
	[[Category:~~Endocrinology~~]]		[[Category:Animal physiology]]
	~~[[Category:Veterinary medicine]]~~

	~~{{stub}}~~

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'''Estrous cycle''' is a recurring physiological change that occurs in reproductive-age female mammals. The estrous cycle is characterized by changes in the female reproductive system that prepare the body for potential pregnancy. The cycle is regulated by hormones, including [[estrogen]] and [[progesterone]], and involves several stages, including proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus.

== Overview ==

The estrous cycle is the female reproductive cycle in mammals that are not primates, including rodents, cows, and dogs. It is similar to the [[menstrual cycle]] in humans and primates, but there are some key differences. For example, in the estrous cycle, the endometrium (the lining of the uterus) is reabsorbed if pregnancy does not occur, whereas in the menstrual cycle, the endometrium is shed as menstrual flow.

== Stages of the Estrous Cycle ==

The estrous cycle consists of several stages:

* '''Proestrus''': This is the stage after the end of the previous cycle and before the next ovulation. The levels of estrogen start to increase, which causes the endometrium to thicken in preparation for potential pregnancy.

* '''Estrus''': This is the stage when the female is receptive to mating (also known as "in heat"). Ovulation occurs during this stage.

* '''Metestrus''': This stage occurs after ovulation. The corpus luteum, which is the structure that the egg was released from, starts to produce progesterone.

* '''Diestrus''': This is the stage when the corpus luteum is fully functional. If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates and the cycle starts again.

== Hormonal Regulation ==

The estrous cycle is regulated by several hormones, including:

* '''[[Gonadotropin-releasing hormone]] (GnRH)''': This hormone is released by the hypothalamus and stimulates the pituitary gland to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

* '''[[Follicle-stimulating hormone]] (FSH)''': This hormone stimulates the growth of follicles in the ovaries.

* '''[[Luteinizing hormone]] (LH)''': This hormone triggers ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum.

* '''[[Estrogen]]''': This hormone is produced by the follicles and prepares the body for ovulation.

* '''[[Progesterone]]''': This hormone is produced by the corpus luteum and prepares the body for pregnancy.

== See Also ==

* [[Menstrual cycle]]
* [[Ovulation]]
* [[Reproductive system]]
* [[Hormones]]

[[Category:Reproductive system]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Veterinary medicine]]

{{stub}}

Estrous cycle - Revision history

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