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2025-02-18T04:27:48Z

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			<gallery>
			File:Ectoderm.png\|Ectoderm
			File:Gray11.png\|Gray's Anatomy illustration of ectoderm
			File:EctodermalSpecification.png\|Ectodermal specification diagram
			File:Dental_abnormalities_in_a_5-year-old_girl_from_north_Sweden_family_who_suffered_from_various_symptoms_of_autosomal_dominant_hypohidrotic_ectodermal_dysplasia_(HED).jpg\|Dental abnormalities in a 5-year-old girl with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia
			</gallery>

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2024-02-22T18:59:51Z

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'''Ectoderm''' is one of the three primary [[germ layers]] in the very early [[embryo]]. The other two layers are the [[mesoderm]] (middle layer) and [[endoderm]] (most proximal layer), with the ectoderm as the most exterior (or distal) layer. It emerges and originates from the outer layer of germ cells. The word ectoderm comes from the Greek ektos meaning "outside", and derma, meaning "skin."

== Development ==

During [[embryogenesis]], the ectoderm serves as the precursor to several key structures. These include the [[epidermis]] and its appendages (the [[sweat glands]], [[hair]], and [[nails]]), the [[nervous system]], the [[lens]] and [[cornea]] of the [[eye]], [[tooth enamel]], the [[pituitary gland]], and the [[mammary glands]].

== Subtypes ==

The ectoderm develops into two parts: the surface ectoderm (also known as the external ectoderm) and the neural ectoderm. The surface ectoderm forms the [[epithelium]] of the skin and its specialized derivatives. The neural ectoderm primarily forms the [[nervous system]].

=== Surface Ectoderm ===

The surface ectoderm develops into:

* [[Epidermis]]
* [[Hair]]
* [[Nails]]
* [[Lens]] of the [[Eye]]
* [[Cornea]]
* [[Tooth enamel]]
* [[Mammary glands]]
* [[Pituitary gland]]
* [[Adenohypophysis]]
* [[Internal ear]]

=== Neural Ectoderm ===

The neural ectoderm (or neuroectoderm) develops into the [[nervous system]], including the [[brain]], [[spinal cord]], [[motor neurons]], [[sensory neurons]], [[melanocytes]], [[facial cartilage]], and [[tooth dentin]].

== Clinical Significance ==

Defects in ectodermal development can lead to conditions known as [[ectodermal dysplasias]], which can affect the skin, hair, teeth, and nails. These conditions are typically present from birth and can range in severity.

== See Also ==

* [[Endoderm]]
* [[Mesoderm]]
* [[Germ layers]]
* [[Embryogenesis]]
* [[Ectodermal dysplasia]]

[[Category:Embryology]]
[[Category:Developmental biology]]
[[Category:Human development]]

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Ectoderm - Revision history

Prab: CSV import

Prab: CSV import